MDS PREP
What is the principal cause of megaloblastic anemia other than vitamin B12 deficiency?
1) Folate deficiency
2) Iron deficiency
3) Vitamin A deficiency
4) Vitamin C deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia can be caused by either folate or vitamin B12 deficiency. Both of these nutrients are essential for DNA synthesis and cell division in the bone marrow.
Most likely precursor to bronchiectasis is
1) TB
2) Carcinoma
3) Bronchial adenoma
4) Bronchopneumonia
General Medicine
Answer: 4
The most likely precursor to bronchiectasis is bronchopneumonia
When prescribing for a patient of renal failure, the elimination of drug from the kidney in the case of renal impairment all the following are correct except
1) Creatinine clearance is taken as guide
2) The normal main dose is given if the drug is being metabolized
3) The time to reach to steady state plasma concentration is the same as in patients with normal renal function
4) None of the above
General Medicine
Answer: 3
In renal impairment, the time to reach steady-state plasma concentration generally differs from that in patients with normal renal function due to altered clearance; hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
Secondary infections in HIV-infected patient are classified under
1) Class I
2) Class II
3) Class III
4) Class IV
General Medicine Answer: 4
Common opportunistic infections associated with HIV include: cryptococcal meningitis. toxoplasmosis.
Which of the following is NOT a function of fibrinogen?
1) Formation of a fibrin clot
2) Transport of fatty acids
3) Binding to platelet glycoprotein receptors
4) Maintenance of osmotic pressure
Fibrinogen is the precursor of fibrin, which is essential for clot formation. It does not have a role in the transport of fatty acids. Its main functions include stabilization of the platelet plug and serving as a substrate for thrombin to generate fibrin.
Pulsus alternans is
1) An innocuous feature
2) Denotes severe cardiac decompensation
3) Sign of digoxin toxicity
4) Sign of mitral imcompetence
General Medicine
Answer: 4
Pulsus alternans is characterized by alternating strong and weak heartbeats
and is often associated with severe heart conditions, including mitral
incompetence. It indicates significant cardiac dysfunction.
Signs of Pulsus Alternans
Alternating Pulse Amplitude:
The most defining characteristic of pulsus alternans is the
alternating pattern of pulse strength. When palpating the radial pulse,
a healthcare provider will notice that one beat is strong (high
amplitude) and the next is weak (low amplitude).
Irregular Pulse Rhythm:
While the rhythm may appear regular, the variation in amplitude can
create an irregular sensation when palpating the pulse.
Blood Pressure Variability:
Blood pressure readings may also show variability, with alternating
high and low readings corresponding to the strong and weak beats.
Heart Sounds:
On auscultation, the heart sounds may also reflect this alternation,
with variations in the intensity of the heart sounds corresponding to
the pulse amplitude.
Symptoms Associated with Pulsus Alternans
Pulsus alternans itself is a sign rather than a symptom, but it is often
associated with symptoms of underlying cardiac dysfunction, including:
Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea):
Fatigue:
Palpitations:
Patients may report feeling their heart racing or irregular
heartbeats, which can be distressing.
Edema:
Swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen may occur due to fluid
retention associated with heart failure.
Chest Pain or Discomfort:
Some patients may experience chest pain or discomfort, particularly
if there is underlying ischemic heart disease.
Cough:
A persistent cough, especially when lying down, may occur due to
pulmonary congestion.
Dizziness or Lightheadedness:
Patients may feel dizzy or lightheaded, particularly when standing
up (orthostatic hypotension) due to fluctuating blood pressure.
Early manifestation of a patient infected with HIV virus is
1) Elevation of p16
2) Unexplained fear and weight loss
3) Kaposi"s sarcoma
4) Hairy cell leukoplakia
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Early manifestations of HIV infection can include unexplained weight loss and generalized fear or anxiety. Kaposi's sarcoma and hairy leukoplakia are more common in later stages of HIV infection.
What is the typical serum albumin level seen in the nephrotic syndrome?
1) > 4 g/dL
2) 3.0-3.5 g/dL
3) < 3.0 g/dL
4) 2.0-2.5 g/dL
The nephrotic syndrome is characterized by hypoalbuminemia, with serum albumin levels typically less than 3 g/dL due to the loss of albumin in the urine.