MDS PREP
A 65-year-old male with a history of hypertension is admitted for an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). His current medication includes metoprolol. Which of the following is a possible adverse effect of metoprolol that could be relevant to his condition?
(1) Bronchospasm
(2) Peripheral edema
(3) Bradycardia
(4) Tachycardia
Metoprolol is a beta-blocker, which can cause bronchospasm as a side effect, particularly in patients with a history of respiratory conditions like asthma or COPD. It is important to monitor patients with respiratory diseases closely for signs of bronchospasm when prescribing beta-blockers.
Varicose veins may be seen in the
1) Calf
2) Thigh
3) Scrotum
4) All of the above
Oral medicine
Answer: 4
Varicose veins are characterized by twisted, swollen veins that often
appear blue or purple. Common signs and symptoms include aching or heavy
legs, burning or throbbing sensations, muscle cramps, swelling in the lower
legs, and skin changes such as color alterations or sores
Visible Changes:
Twisted, swollen veins that are often blue or dark purple.
Bulging veins that may appear just below the skin surface.
Physical Sensations:
Aching or heavy feeling in the legs.
Burning, throbbing, or cramping sensations, particularly in the
calves.
Swelling in the lower legs and ankles.
Skin Changes:
Color changes in the skin, which may appear red or brown.
Development of sores or ulcers on the skin that do not heal easily.
Scaly or irritated skin that may crack easily.
Other Symptoms:
Restless legs syndrome, which can cause discomfort and an urge to
move the legs.
Pain in the legs or calves after prolonged sitting or standing.
Complications of Varicose Veins
Severe Symptoms:
Increased leg swelling and pain, especially after long periods of
inactivity.
Risk of developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which can lead to
serious complications if blood clots form.
Skin Conditions:
Lipodermatosclerosis, a condition that causes inflammation and
hardening of the skin.
Venous ulcers, which are painful sores that can develop due to poor
circulation.
What is the most common cause of megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency?
1) Increased metabolic demand
2) Decreased dietary intake
3) Impaired absorption
4) Increased renal excretion
Folic acid deficiency is most commonly due to inadequate dietary intake or increased metabolic demand, such as during pregnancy.
What is the primary treatment for a pneumothorax?
(1) Inhalation of oxygen
(2) Chest tube placement
(3) Pleural fluid drainage
(4) Anti-inflammatory medication
The definitive treatment for a pneumothorax is the insertion of a chest tube, which allows the evacuation of air or gas from the pleural space and the re-expansion of the lung. This is crucial for alleviating the symptoms and preventing the condition from progressing to a tension pneumothorax, which can be life-threatening. Other treatments may include oxygen therapy and pain management.
Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign associated with Bell's palsy?
(1) Paralysis of the lower part of the face only.
(2) Inability to close the affected eye completely.
(3) Preservation of the ability to wrinkle the forehead.
(4) Impaired articulation of labial sounds.
Bell's palsy typically involves the entire side of the face, not just the lower part. The affected side may become asymmetric and motionless, with wrinkles disappearing from the forehead and an inability to close the eye completely. Impaired articulation of labial sounds is a common symptom due to the involvement of the facial muscles used for speech.
What is the typical age range for increased risk of coronary heart disease in women?
1) ? 45 years
2) ? 55 years
3) ? 65 years
4) ? 75 years
For women, the increased risk of coronary heart disease typically starts at the age of 55 years.
In a patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which of the following is NOT a common side effect of long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy?
1) Oral thrush
2) Pneumonia
3) Osteoporosis
4) Tachycardia
Long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy is commonly used in COPD management to reduce inflammation and exacerbations. Common side effects include oral thrush, pneumonia due to immunocompromise, and osteoporosis due to steroid-induced bone loss. Tachycardia is not a typical side effect of inhaled corticosteroids.
What is the primary prevention strategy for pulmonary embolism in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation?
(1) Antiplatelet therapy
(2) Anticoagulation therapy with warfarin
(3) Physical prophylaxis with compression stockings
(4) Thrombolytic therapy
Patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation are at high risk for pulmonary embolism due to venous thrombosis and intra-cardiac thrombus formation. The primary prevention strategy for these patients is anticoagulation therapy with warfarin, as it reduces the risk of thrombus formation and embolization. Warfarin is effective in preventing stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and is also beneficial in the context of heart failure.