MDS PREP
In Cushing's syndrome, which hormone is responsible for the characteristic symptoms?
1) Cortisol
2) Thyroid hormones
3) Growth hormone
4) Insulin
Cushing's syndrome is caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Cortisol excess leads to symptoms such as moon facies, buffalo hump, truncal obesity, purple striae, and proximal muscle weakness, among others.
What is the typical age range for increased risk of coronary heart disease in women?
1) ? 45 years
2) ? 55 years
3) ? 65 years
4) ? 75 years
For women, the increased risk of coronary heart disease typically starts at the age of 55 years.
What is the genetic pattern of inheritance for Huntington's disease?
(1) Autosomal recessive
(2) Autosomal dominant
(3) X-linked recessive
(4) X-linked dominant
Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant disorder. This means that a single copy of the defective gene, inherited from either parent, is sufficient to cause the disease. Each offspring of an affected individual has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene and developing the disease.
A patient with a known history of peptic ulcer disease presents with severe abdominal pain and is found to have peritonitis. Which of the following is the most likely complication?
1) Perforated ulcer
2) Gastric outlet obstruction
3) Gastric cancer
4) Duodenal ulcer bleed
The development of peritonitis in a patient with peptic ulcer disease suggests a complication such as a perforated ulcer. This occurs when the ulcer erodes through the gastric or duodenal wall, allowing gastric contents to spill into the peritoneal cavity, causing inflammation and pain.
Malherbe"s epithelioma characterised by all except
1) Benign calcifying epithelioma
2) Common in adults
3) Solitary, hard tumours
4) Mostly on the neck, face, arms
Oral medicine
Answer: 2
Malherbe's epithelioma, also known as calcifying epithelioma, is typically a benign tumor that is more common in children and young adults rather than adults. It is characterized by solitary, hard tumors that are often found on the neck, face, and arms. The other options accurately describe the characteristics of Malherbe's epithelioma.
A patient with a history of hypothyroidism presents with fatigue, cold intolerance, and weight gain. The most likely cause of these symptoms is:
1) Subclinical hypothyroidism
2) Hyperthyroidism
3) Thyroid cancer
4) Adrenal insufficiency
The symptoms of fatigue, cold intolerance, and weight gain are more consistent with hypothyroidism than hyperthyroidism. Subclinical hypothyroidism is a milder form of hypothyroidism where the patient may have a normal T4 level but an elevated TSH level.
In humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM), what is the most common overproduced substance leading to hypercalcemia?
(1) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
(2) Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)
(3) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D)
(4) Calcitonin
PTHrP is a protein that is structurally similar to parathyroid hormone (PTH) but is produced by some tumor cells. It acts on the PTH receptor, leading to increased calcium levels in the blood, similar to PTH. HHM is most often associated with overproduction of PTHrP by tumors, causing hypercalcemia without the typical elevation in PTH levels seen in primary hyperparathyroidism.
A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus is prescribed glimepiride. What is the primary mechanism of action of glimepiride?
(1) Stimulation of insulin secretion
(2) Inhibition of insulin secretion
(3) Increased peripheral glucose utilization
(4) Inhibition of gluconeogenesis
Glimepiride is a sulfonylurea medication that stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells by closing ATP-sensitive potassium channels and causing depolarization, leading to calcium influx and insulin release.