MDS PREP
What is the role of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in the treatment of pulmonary embolism?
1) Prevents thrombus formation
2) Dissolves existing thrombi
3) Inhibits platelet aggregation
4) Enhances fibrinolysis
tPA is a thrombolytic agent used to dissolve blood clots. In the treatment of pulmonary embolism, it is administered to break down the clot in the pulmonary artery, thereby improving blood flow and reducing the risk of complications.
Malherbe"s epithelioma characterised by all except
1) Benign calcifying epithelioma
2) Common in adults
3) Solitary, hard tumours
4) Mostly on the neck, face, arms
Oral medicine
Answer: 2
Malherbe's epithelioma, also known as calcifying epithelioma, is typically a benign tumor that is more common in children and young adults rather than adults. It is characterized by solitary, hard tumors that are often found on the neck, face, and arms. The other options accurately describe the characteristics of Malherbe's epithelioma.
What condition is NOT associated with osteoporosis?
1) Hypogonadism
2) Hyperthyroidism
3) Fluorosis
4) Hyperparathyroidism
Fluorosis is associated with osteosclerosis, not osteoporosis. It leads to increased bone density due to excessive deposition of fluoride.
What is the primary action of acetaminophen?
1) Anti-inflammatory
2) Analgesic and antipyretic
3) Muscle relaxant
4) Antihypertensive
Acetaminophen is primarily known for its analgesic and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects. It is a common component in many over-the-counter pain relief medications.
What is the typical age of onset for increased risk of coronary heart disease in women?
1) ? 45 years
2) ? 55 years
3) ? 65 years
4) ? 75 years
Women are generally protected from coronary heart disease by estrogen before menopause, which is why the increased risk typically starts later at the age of 55 years.
A patient is admitted with suspected cholera. What is the most appropriate initial treatment for this condition?
(1) Intravenous antibiotics
(2) Intravenous fluids and electrolytes
(3) Intravenous opioids
(4) Intravenous corticosteroids
The most critical aspect of cholera treatment is aggressive rehydration to replace the large volume of fluid and electrolytes lost through diarrhea. Antibiotics may be administered to reduce the duration of illness and the volume of diarrhea, but rehydration is the immediate priority.
In a patient with nephrotic syndrome, which of the following is true regarding plasma cholesterol levels?
(1) Plasma cholesterol levels are decreased due to increased LDL receptors in the liver.
(2) Plasma cholesterol levels are increased due to the loss of cholesterol in urine.
(3) Plasma cholesterol levels are normal as the condition is unrelated to lipid metabolism.
(4) Plasma cholesterol levels are decreased due to increased hepatic synthesis of bile salts.
Nephrotic syndrome is associated with hyperlipidemia, particularly increased levels of LDL and cholesterol. The underlying mechanism involves the loss of albumin in the urine, which leads to hypoalbuminemia. This causes an increased synthesis of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) by the liver to compensate for the loss of oncotic pressure. Additionally, the loss of proteins that normally bind to cholesterol in the blood, such as lipoproteins, results in decreased clearance of LDL.
A patient presents with oral lesions and is diagnosed with secondary syphilis. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of this stage?
(1) Condylomata lata
(2) Lues maligna
(3) Mucous patches
(4) Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis
Secondary syphilis is characterized by the development of mucocutaneous lesions, including mucous patches, which are painless, erythematous ulcers with a smooth, moist, and glistening appearance, often found on the oral mucosa. These lesions can occur anywhere in the oral cavity but are particularly common on the tongue, palate, and buccal mucosa.