MDS PREP
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with an increased risk of developing venous thrombosis?
1) Orthopedic surgery
2) Lung cancer
3) Estrogen use for contraception
4) DVT in a family member
While lung cancer itself is not a direct risk factor for venous thrombosis, it can be associated with hypercoagulable states due to the presence of tumor cells or paraneoplastic syndromes. The other options (orthopedic surgery, estrogen use for contraception, and a family history of DVT) are all recognized conditions that increase the risk of developing venous thrombosis.
What is the most common site of venous thrombosis in patients with cancer?
1) Superficial veins
2) Cerebral sinuses
3) Deep veins of the lower extremities
4) Hepatic veins
The most common site of venous thrombosis in patients with cancer is the deep veins of the lower extremities, often referred to as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). This is due to a combination of factors such as immobility, cancer-induced hypercoagulability, and damage to the vessels from tumor infiltration or surgery.
Malherbe"s epithelioma characterised by all except
1) Benign calcifying epithelioma
2) Common in adults
3) Solitary, hard tumours
4) Mostly on the neck, face, arms
Oral medicine
Answer: 2
Malherbe's epithelioma, also known as calcifying epithelioma, is typically a benign tumor that is more common in children and young adults rather than adults. It is characterized by solitary, hard tumors that are often found on the neck, face, and arms. The other options accurately describe the characteristics of Malherbe's epithelioma.
In which organism is echinococcosis most commonly found?
(1) Liver
(2) Lungs
(3) Brain
(4) Heart
Echinococcosis is a parasitic infection caused by the larvae of Echinococcus granulosus. The most common site for these larvae to form cysts is the liver.
A 2-year-old child is brought to the emergency department with fever and seizures. The child's mother reports that the child has been vomiting and has had diarrhea for the past 24 hours. What is the most likely diagnosis?
(1) Diabetic ketoacidosis
(2) Meningitis
(3) Sepsis
(4) Gastroenteritis
The combination of fever, vomiting, and diarrhea with seizures in a young child is more indicative of gastroenteritis, which can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances leading to seizures, rather than the other options listed.
In humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM), what is the most common overproduced substance leading to hypercalcemia?
(1) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
(2) Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)
(3) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D)
(4) Calcitonin
PTHrP is a protein that is structurally similar to parathyroid hormone (PTH) but is produced by some tumor cells. It acts on the PTH receptor, leading to increased calcium levels in the blood, similar to PTH. HHM is most often associated with overproduction of PTHrP by tumors, causing hypercalcemia without the typical elevation in PTH levels seen in primary hyperparathyroidism.
What is the typical age of onset for Huntington's disease?
(1) Childhood
(2) Fourth or fifth decade
(3) Seventh or eighth decade
(4) Second or third decade
Huntington's disease typically begins in the fourth or fifth decade of life. It is an autosomal dominant disorder that affects both men and women, and the symptoms include chorea, behavioral disturbances, and cognitive decline. While there is a wide range in age of onset, the average age of symptom manifestation is around 30 to 50 years.
The drug of choice for the treatment of tuberculous meningitis is:
1) Rifampicin
2) Isoniazid
3) Streptomycin
4) Gentamicin
Rifampicin is a first-line drug for the treatment of tuberculous meningitis. It has excellent penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid and is bactericidal. Isoniazid and ethambutol are also commonly used as part of a multi-drug regimen, but rifampicin is particularly important due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier effectively and its rapid bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.