MDS PREP
In a patient with suspected acute coronary syndrome, which of the following ECG changes is most indicative of an ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)?
1) ST depression in leads II, III, and aVF
2) ST elevation in leads I and aVL
3) ST elevation in leads V1-V4 with reciprocal depression in leads II, III, and aVF
4) ST elevation in leads II, III, and aVF
In a patient with a suspected STEMI, the characteristic ECG findings include ST elevation in the anterolateral leads (I, aVL, V1-V6) and reciprocal ST depression in the inferior leads (II, III, aVF). The pattern of ST elevation in the anterolateral leads with reciprocal depression in the inferior leads is most indicative of a STEMI affecting the anterolateral wall of the heart.
What is the primary function of the mitral valve in the heart?
1) To prevent backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole
2) To prevent backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during systole
3) To prevent backflow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle during systole
4) To prevent backflow of blood from the vena cava into the right atrium during systole
The mitral valve is crucial in preventing the backflow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle during systole, ensuring that blood flows in the correct direction through the heart during the cardiac cycle.
In Cushing's syndrome, which hormone is responsible for the characteristic symptoms?
1) Cortisol
2) Thyroid hormones
3) Growth hormone
4) Insulin
Cushing's syndrome is caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Cortisol excess leads to symptoms such as moon facies, buffalo hump, truncal obesity, purple striae, and proximal muscle weakness, among others.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the rash seen in scarlet fever?
(1) Small, flat, red spots that are not elevated.
(2) Small, raised, red bumps that feel like sandpaper.
(3) Large, fluid-filled blisters.
(4) Thin, red streaks that spread out from the central lesion.
The rash in scarlet fever is characterized by small, raised, red bumps that feel like sandpaper when touched. These bumps, known as "Pastia lines," are particularly prominent in skin folds. The rash is caused by the exotoxins produced by Streptococcus pyogenes and typically occurs with a strep throat infection.
In the treatment of herpes labialis (cold sores), which medication is not available in a cream formulation?
(1) Acyclovir
(2) Penciclovir
(3) Docosanol
(4) Lysine
Penciclovir is the correct answer as it is not available in a cream formulation. Acyclovir and docosanol are available in cream formulations for the treatment of cold sores. Lysine is an amino acid supplement that may help reduce the frequency of herpes outbreaks but is not a medication specifically designed to treat herpes labialis.
A 45-year-old male with a history of alcoholism is admitted with a three-day history of fever, chills, and severe abdominal pain. His WBC count is elevated. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?
(1) Pancreatitis
(2) Alcoholic hepatitis
(3) Peptic ulcer disease
(4) Gallstones
The history of alcoholism and symptoms of fever, abdominal pain, and elevated WBC count are more consistent with pancreatitis, which is commonly associated with alcohol abuse.
Which type of diabetes is generally associated with insulin resistance?
1) Type 1 Diabetes
2) Type 2 Diabetes
3) Gestational Diabetes
4) Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)
Type 2 diabetes is primarily associated with insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin.
A patient with severe nausea and vomiting is prescribed metoclopramide. What is the primary mechanism of action of metoclopramide?
(1) Antihistaminic action
(2) Dopamine antagonism in the CNS
(3) Muscarinic receptor antagonism
(4) 5-HT3 receptor antagonism
Metoclopramide acts primarily as a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist in the chemoreceptive trigger zone in the brain and in the gastrointestinal tract, which helps to reduce nausea and vomiting by decreasing gastric emptying and increasing gastric tone.