MDS PREP
In a patient with muscular dystrophy, which serum enzyme levels are likely to be elevated?
(1) Creatine phosphokinase (CK-2)
(2) Creatine phosphokinase (CK-3)
(3) Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
(4) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
In muscular dystrophy, there is ongoing muscle fiber destruction and regeneration, which leads to the release of muscle enzymes into the bloodstream. CK-3 is the muscle-specific isoenzyme that is most commonly elevated in muscular dystrophies, indicating damage to skeletal muscles.
In a patient with suspected hyperparathyroidism, which of the following is the most sensitive diagnostic test for the disease?
(1) Serum calcium
(2) Serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH)
(3) Urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio
(4) Serum phosphorus
The most sensitive diagnostic test for hyperparathyroidism is the measurement of serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels. Elevated iPTH levels in the context of hypercalcemia are indicative of primary hyperparathyroidism. However, serum calcium levels are also typically high in this condition and are commonly measured in the initial workup.
A 5 yr old pt is sheduled FOR tonsilectomy. On the day of Surgery he has running nose , temp= 37.5 degrees and dry cough. which of the following will b the most apt decision 4 Surgery
1. Surgery shud b cancelled
2. can proceed if chest is clesr n no h/o asthma
3. shud get chest x-ray done b4 proceeding 4 Surgery
4. cancel Surgery for 3 weeks n pt to b on antibiotics
Oral Medicine
Answer: 4
general anesthesia,specifically nitrous oxide is contraindicated if the child is running a common cold and having slight fever on the day of surgery
What is the most common risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis?
1) Cigarette smoking
2) High HDL cholesterol
3) Physical inactivity
4) Impaired fasting glucose
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis as it damages the inner lining of the blood vessels, leading to the formation of plaques.
What is the genetic pattern of inheritance for Huntington's disease?
(1) Autosomal recessive
(2) Autosomal dominant
(3) X-linked recessive
(4) X-linked dominant
Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant disorder. This means that a single copy of the defective gene, inherited from either parent, is sufficient to cause the disease. Each offspring of an affected individual has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene and developing the disease.
What is the common mode of action of antifungal agents like nystatin and clotrimazole in treating oral candidiasis?
(1) Binding to bacterial cell walls
(2) Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
(3) Inhibition of fungal ergosterol synthesis
(4) Inhibition of fungal DNA synthesis
Nystatin and clotrimazole work by binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, increasing permeability and allowing the leakage of intracellular components. This leads to the death of the affected fungal cell.
What is the difference between neurolept analgesia and neurolept anesthesia?
(1) Neurolept anesthesia includes the administration of nitrous oxide
(2) Neurolept analgesia is a surgical anesthesia technique
(3) Neurolept anesthesia produces a conscious state
(4) There is no difference
Neurolept analgesia is a state of sedation and analgesia produced by the combined use of a neuroleptic agent and a narcotic analgesic. Neurolept anesthesia, on the other hand, includes the administration of nitrous oxide along with the neuroleptic agent and narcotic analgesic, which induces a deeper state of unconsciousness and is used for certain surgical procedures. The addition of nitrous oxide enhances the overall anesthetic effect.
How is chronic hepatitis typically defined?
(1) Asymptomatic with biochemical evidence of liver disease for less than 6 months
(2) Asymptomatic with histologically documented inflammation for less than 6 months
(3) Asymptomatic with serological evidence of hepatic disease for less than 6 months
(4) Asymptomatic with biochemical or serological evidence of liver disease for more than 6 months
Chronic hepatitis is characterized by the persistent presence of liver inflammation and damage, typically lasting for more than 6 months. It can be caused by various factors, including viral infections, alcohol abuse, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic disorders. The diagnosis is often made based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and liver biopsy findings.