MDS PREP
What is the primary cause of hyperphosphatemia in renal failure?
1) Increased dietary intake
2) Decreased renal excretion
3) Increased bone resorption
4) Decreased parathyroid hormone levels
The primary cause of hyperphosphatemia in renal failure is decreased renal excretion, leading to phosphate retention in the body.
Radiation injury to the haemopoietic system of the bone marrow occurs when the whole body exposure ranges between
1. 50-100 rads
2. 200-1000 rads
3. 1000-5000 rads
4. 10,000 rads to more
Radiation injury to the hematopoietic system occurs when whole body exposure ranges between 200-1000 rads.
The principal chemical mediator of immediate phase, of acute inflammation is:
1. Serotonin
2. Histamine
3. Kinin-Kallikrein
4. Complement system
Pathology
Answer: 2
The principal chemical mediator of the immediate phase of acute inflammation
is Histamine. Here's a detailed explanation of the options given:
1. Serotonin: While serotonin is a vasoactive substance that can cause blood
vessels to constrict or dilate, it is not the primary mediator of the immediate
phase of acute inflammation. It is mainly associated with the regulation of
mood, appetite, and sleep. In the context of inflammation, it plays a minor role
compared to histamine.
2. Histamine: Histamine is indeed the correct answer. It is a potent chemical
mediator released from mast cells and basophils in response to injury or
antigenic stimulation. Upon release, histamine acts on blood vessels to cause
vasodilation, increased permeability, and increased blood flow to the injured
area, which are hallmark features of the immediate phase of acute inflammation.
This results in the cardinal signs of inflammation: redness (rubor), heat
(calor), swelling (tumor), and pain (dolor).
3. Kinin-Kallikrein system: The kinin-kallikrein system is another important
mediator of inflammation, but it is more involved in the later phases. When
activated, it results in the formation of kinins, such as bradykinin, which
contribute to increased vascular permeability and pain. However, it is not the
first line mediator in the immediate phase.
4. Complement system: The complement system is a group of proteins in the blood
that work with antibodies to destroy pathogens and trigger inflammation. It is a
key component of the innate immune response, but its activation and role are
more pronounced in the later stages of inflammation rather than the immediate
phase. The complement system is involved in the opsonization of pathogens,
recruitment of phagocytes, and the formation of the membrane attack complex,
which can lyse certain bacteria and cells.
The immediate phase of acute inflammation is characterized by the rapid response
to tissue injury, which includes vasoactive changes and increased vascular
permeability to allow fluid, cells, and proteins to move into the interstitial
space. Histamine is quickly released from mast cells and basophils and acts on
H1 receptors of blood vessels to induce vasodilation and increased permeability.
This leads to the early symptoms of inflammation, such as swelling, redness,
heat, and pain, and is crucial for the initiation of the inflammatory response
to protect the body from harm.
A patient comes with emotional problems, increased salivation, pallor of oral mucosa and a grayish blue discolouration of the gingival. These findings are most consistent with a clinical impression of
1. Cherubism
2. Cretinism
3. Pierre-Robin syndrome
4. Lead poisoning
Oral Pathology
Answer: 4
The findings of emotional problems, increased salivation, pallor, and grayish-blue discoloration of the gingiva are consistent with lead poisoning.
Attrition is
1. The loss by wear of tooth substance resulting from tooth brushing
2. The loss by wear of tooth substance resulting from mastication and bruxism
3. Both of the above
4. None of the above
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
Attrition is the loss of tooth substance resulting from mastication and bruxism.
Zenkers degeneration is?
1) Coagulative necrosis
2) Liquefactive necrosis
3) Fibroid necrosis
4) Caseous necrosis
General Pathology Answer: 1Zenkers degeneration is characterized by coagulative necrosis, typically seen in cases of ischemia or infarction.
Precocious puberty is most characteristic of which of the following/
1. Jaffe"s syndrome
2. Monostotic fibrous dysplasia
3. Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
4. Albright"s syndrome
Oral Pathology
Answer: 4
Precocious puberty is most characteristic of Albright's syndrome.
All of the following statements about the typical feature of a periapical
granuloma are true EXCEPT
1) It consists of proliferating granulation tissue
2) It can form only if the periapical bone is resorbed
3) It shows evidence of local antibody production
4) It results from immunologically mediated tissue damage
Oral Pathology Answer: 2
Periapical granulomas were diagnosed as well-circumscribed periapical
radiolucency measuring less than 1.5 cm in diameter, periapical cysts were
characterized by well-defined periapical radiolucency with sclerotic borders
measuring greater than 1.5 cm, and periapical abscesses were characterized by
ill-defined periapical radiolucency with diffuse margins.
While bone resorption can occur in the presence of a periapical granuloma, it
is not a prerequisite for its formation. A periapical granuloma can develop in
response to pulp necrosis or infection without necessarily requiring bone
resorption to occur first. The granuloma can form as a reaction to the
inflammatory process, regardless of the state of the surrounding bone.