MDS PREP
Ipratropium bromide is useful in bronchial asthma because of
1) Anticholinergic effect
2) Vasodilator properties
3) Antiallergic action
4) Stabilization of mast cells
Pharmacology Answer: 1
Ipratropium (as ipratropium bromide, trade name Atrovent) is an anticholinergic drug administered by inhalation for the treatment of obstructive lung diseases.
It acts by blocking muscarinic receptors in the lung, inhibiting bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion.
It is a non-selective muscarinic antagonist, and does not diffuse into the blood, which prevents systemic side effects.
Ipratropium is a derivative of atropine[1] but is a quaternary amine and therefore does not cross the blood-brain barrier
Morphine can be used in all the following conditions except:
1) Head injury
2) Asthma
3) Hypothyroidism
4) Diabetes
Pharmacology Answer: 1
Morphine is contraindicated in head injury for the following reasons:
Causes carbondioxide retention – this in turn increases intracranial tension
Therapeutic doses can cause respiratory depression in head injury patients Vomiting, miosis and altered mentation caused by morphine can interfere with assessment of neurological status
Morphine should be avoided in those with bronchial asthma as it can precipitate an attack of asthma. But it is not contraindicated
Which of following statement about drug action is false ?
1) Competitive antagonist has no intrinsic activity but affinity
2) Competitive antagonist has intrinsic activity and affinity
3) Partial agonist has submaximal intrinsic activity and affinity
4) Inverse agonists have affinity but minus intrinsic activity.
Pharmacology Answer: 2
Competitive antagonists bind to receptors but do not activate them, meaning they have no intrinsic activity. They have affinity for the receptor, allowing them to compete with agonists for binding.
The effects of hypoglycemia is marked by
1) Warfarin
2) Beta blockers
3) Calcium channel blockers
4) Amino glycosides
Pharmacology Answer: 2
Beta blockers
Hypoglycemia can occur with beta-blockade because b2- adrenoceptors normally stimulate hepatic glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) and pancreatic release of glucagon, which work together to increase plasma glucose.
Which of the following fluoroquinolones does not require dose adjustment in a patient with creatinine clearance of < 50mg/min?
1) Ciprofloxacin
2) Trovafloxacin
3) Lomefloxacin
4) Sparfloxacin
Pharmacology Answer: 2
Fluoroquinolones that are excreted mainly by non renal mechanisms:
Pefloxacin Trovafloxacin Grepofloxacin Nalidixic acid
A medication that may elicit headache as a side effect :
1) thiazide
2) Methyldopa
3) hydralazine
4) Procainamide
Pharmacology Answer: 3
A number of medications may elicit headache as a side effect.
Common offenders include nitroglycerin, hydralazine, calcium-channel blockers, digitalis, and estrogen.
Recreational drugs such as nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, and amphetamines can also induce headache.
Which one of the following drugs increases gastrointestinal motility?
1) Glycopyrrolate.
2) Atropine.
3) Neostigmine.
4) Fentanyl.
Pharmacology Answer: 3
Synthetic opioids, sharing properties of opium and morphine, include meperidine, propoxyphene, diphenoxylate, fentanyl, buprenorphine, methadone, and pentazocine. Various opiate effects are analgesia, respiratory depression, constipation, and euphoria.
Fentanyl (80 to 100 times more powerful than morphine) is especially dangerous.
Atropine blocks the muscarinic receptors. Atropine decreases gastrointestinal tract motility and secretion and causes constipation.
Although various derivatives and congeners of atropine (such as propantheline, isopropamide, and glycopyrrolate) have been advocated in patients with peptic ulcer or with diarrheal syndromes
Neostigmine is Cholinesterase inhibitors that enhance the effects of parasympathetic stimulation and leads to reversal of intoxication by agents with a anticholinergic action
The drug currently in wide use for treating opioid dependent individuals
1. methadone
2. pentazocine
3. alphaprodine
4. meperidine
Pharmacology
Answer: 1
The drug currently in wide use for treating opioid dependent individuals is metahdone