MDS PREP
The penicillin with the best gram negative spectrum is
1. methicillin
2. phenethicillin
3. ampicillin
4. penicillin V
Pharmacology
Answer: 3
The penicillin with the best gram negative spectrum is ampicillin
Morphine withdrawal is characterized by all except
1) Miosis
2) Yawning
3) Lacrimation
4) Diarrhea
Pharmacology Answer: 1
Withdrawal of morphine is associated with marked drug-seeking behavior.
Physical manifestations of abstinence are - lacrimation, sweating, yawning, anxiety, fear, restlessness, gooseflesh, mydriasis, tremor, insomnia, abdominal colic, diarrhea, dehydration, rise in BP, palpitation and rapid weight loss.
Delirium and convulsions are not a characteristic feature (contrast barbiturates) and are seen only occasionally.
Cardi-ovascular collapse and fatality are rare if supportive measures are instituted.
Ipratropium bromide is useful in bronchial asthma because of
1) Anticholinergic effect
2) Vasodilator properties
3) Antiallergic action
4) Stabilization of mast cells
Pharmacology Answer: 1
Ipratropium (as ipratropium bromide, trade name Atrovent) is an anticholinergic drug administered by inhalation for the treatment of obstructive lung diseases.
It acts by blocking muscarinic receptors in the lung, inhibiting bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion.
It is a non-selective muscarinic antagonist, and does not diffuse into the blood, which prevents systemic side effects.
Ipratropium is a derivative of atropine[1] but is a quaternary amine and therefore does not cross the blood-brain barrier
Which of the following fluoroquinolones does not require dose adjustment in a patient with creatinine clearance of < 50mg/min?
1) Ciprofloxacin
2) Trovafloxacin
3) Lomefloxacin
4) Sparfloxacin
Pharmacology Answer: 2
Fluoroquinolones that are excreted mainly by non renal mechanisms:
Pefloxacin Trovafloxacin Grepofloxacin Nalidixic acid
Which of the following is a Beta-1 selective blocker ?
1) propranolol
2) nadolol
3) pindolol
4) betaxolol
Pharmacology Answer: 4
Beta-1 selective blockers
These include atenolol and metoprolol (as well as betaxolol, bevantolol, and perhaps esmolol).
Non-selective beta blockers
propranolol
Morphine can be used in all the following conditions except:
1) Head injury
2) Asthma
3) Hypothyroidism
4) Diabetes
Pharmacology Answer: 1
Morphine is contraindicated in head injury for the following reasons:
Causes carbondioxide retention – this in turn increases intracranial tension
Therapeutic doses can cause respiratory depression in head injury patients Vomiting, miosis and altered mentation caused by morphine can interfere with assessment of neurological status
Morphine should be avoided in those with bronchial asthma as it can precipitate an attack of asthma. But it is not contraindicated
Drug used in acute gout is?
1) Aspirin
2) Indomethacin
3) Phenylbutazone
4) Allopurinol
Pharmacology Answer: 4
Treatment of acute gout is mainly to control symptoms, i.e. pain, swelling etc.
The symptoms of acute gout are due to inflammation in the joints.
So, drugs which decrease inflammation are used in acute gout, i.e. anti-inflammatory drugs. Drugs are:- NSAIDs, Colchicine, Corticosteroids
Penicillins:
1) Are the antibiotic of choice for anaerobic infections
2) Are bacteriostatic
3) Are protagonistic to tetracycline
4) Interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis
Pharmacology Answer: 4
The penicillins all act by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis, by inhibiting cross-linking of the mucopeptides in the cell wall and as such are bacteriocidal. Bacteria are attacked when cells are dividing and so in theory antibiotics that are bacteriostatic would decrease the efficacy of bacteriocidal drugs. However, this doesn’t often cause a problem but tetracycline and penicillin are antagonistic and should not be used at the same time. Metronidazole is the antibiotic of choice for anaerobic infections.