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NEET MDS Shorts

61285
Dental Materials

In orthodontics, wires with a low load deflection rate are typically preferred for areas requiring large tooth movements because they provide a more constant force as the tooth moves and the appliance is deactivated. This constant force is beneficial for controlling the rate of tooth movement.

89400
Periodontics

Gingivectomy is effective at eliminating false pockets (suprabony pockets).

The wound created during a gingivectomy heals by secondary intention.

The procedure involves removing a portion of the attached gingiva, which results in a decrease in its width.

Gingivectomy is a soft tissue procedure and does not provide access to the underlying alveolar bone; a flap surgery is required for bone access.

88633
Microbiology

There are some enzymes that cause protein to coagulate rather than to produce simpler compund These are known as lab enzymes

1. Coagulase:

  • Definition: Coagulase is an enzyme produced by certain bacteria, most notably Staphylococcus aureus. It catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen (a soluble plasma protein) into fibrin (an insoluble protein), leading to the clotting of blood.
  • Function: The production of coagulase is a virulence factor for Staphylococcus aureus, as it helps the bacteria evade the host's immune system by forming a protective clot around the bacterial cells. This clot can shield the bacteria from phagocytosis and other immune responses.
  • Clinical Relevance: Coagulase is used in laboratory tests to differentiate between pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (coagulase-positive) and non-pathogenic staphylococci (coagulase-negative).

2. Proteolytic Enzymes:

  • Definition: Proteolytic enzymes, also known as proteases or peptidases, are enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids by cleaving the peptide bonds between amino acids.
  • Function: These enzymes play crucial roles in various biological processes, including digestion, protein turnover, cell signaling, and immune responses. They are found in many organisms, including humans, where they are involved in the digestion of dietary proteins in the stomach and small intestine.
  • Types: Proteolytic enzymes can be classified based on their mechanism of action (e.g., serine proteases, cysteine proteases, aspartic proteases, and metalloproteases) and their substrate specificity.

Wenmycin is an antibiotic that is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces wenyangensis. It belongs to the class of compounds known as macrolide antibiotics, which are characterized by their large lactone ring structure. Wenmycin has been studied for its antimicrobial properties, particularly against certain types of bacteria.

65010
Dental Materials

 

 

79333
Prosthodontics

The path of placement of an RPD is influenced by various factors such as guiding planes, which dictate the direction of insertion and removal; retentive areas, which provide the necessary grip for the denture; and interferences, which can hinder the proper seating of the denture. All these factors are important to ensure a stable and functional RPD that is comfortable for the patient.

97361
Oral Medicine

Brain tumors are the most common cause of increased intracranial pressure in adults.

30411
INI CET

The hypothalamus is the primary integration center for the autonomic nervous system, coordinating sympathetic and parasympathetic activities to maintain homeostasis.

25004
General Medicine

Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT/AST) is increased in myocardial infarction. AST is released from damaged myocardial cells and peaks 24-48 hours after MI. While not specific to heart, it was historically used for MI diagnosis before troponins became available.

94732
INI CET

Acetaminophen primarily acts centrally as an analgesic without significant peripheral COX inhibition or impact on prostaglandins, so it doesn't alter bone deposition/remodeling. Ibuprofen, Aspirin, and Dexamethasone all interfere with the bone remodeling process. 

Ibuprofen (an NSAID) inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, reducing prostaglandin E2 production, which slows osteoclast activity and tooth movement (supported by studies like those in American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, e.g., 2010 review showing NSAIDs delay movement by 30-50%).


Aspirin (another NSAID) similarly inhibits COX, decreasing prostaglandins and impairing bone remodeling, as evidenced by clinical trials (e.g., Angle Orthodontist 2006 study demonstrating reduced tooth movement).

Dexamethasone (a corticosteroid) suppresses osteoblast and osteoclast function via glucocorticoid receptors, inhibiting bone formation and remodeling (confirmed by research in Journal of Dental Research, e.g., 2015 studies showing steroids impair orthodontic response).

80267
Public Health Dentistry

The generally accepted "certainly lethal dose" range for 70 kg adults, i.e., from 5 to 10 g of sodium fluoride or from 32 to 64 mg fluoride/kg

The concept of a "probably toxic dose" (PTD) is advanced. The PTD, 5.0 mg F/kg, is defined as the dose of ingested fluoride that should trigger immediate therapeutic intervention and hospitalization because of the likelihood of serious toxic consequences. 

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