98391

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea occurs when there is a leak of CSF through the nasal cavity, often due to a defect in the skull base. The ethmoid bone is the most common site for such leaks because of its thin structure and proximity to the nasal cavity.

64743

The cricothyroid artery is a branch of the superior thyroid artery

33003

The nerve to masseter passes through the mandibular notch to enter the muscle on its medial surface

The nerve to the masseter muscle is the masseteric nerve, which is a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3), the largest division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). The masseter muscle is one of the muscles of mastication that lifts the lower jaw, contributing to the action of biting and chewing.

The masseteric nerve originates from the anterior division of the mandibular nerve and typically passes:

1. Deep to the medial pterygoid muscle: The medial pterygoid muscle is located in the infratemporal fossa, which is the space deep to the zygomatic arch and medial to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The masseteric nerve runs in a deep position relative to the medial pterygoid muscle as it travels towards the masseter muscle. This muscle is involved in the side-to-side movement of the jaw, known as lateral excursion.

2. Posterior to the temporomandibular joint: The TMJ is the articulation between the mandible and the temporal bone of the skull. It is a synovial joint that allows for the hinge movement of the jaw, such as opening and closing the mouth. The masseteric nerve passes behind the TMJ to reach the masseter muscle. This nerve does not actually cross the joint itself but runs in a position posterior to it.

3. Superior to the zygomatic arch: The zygomatic arch is the bony structure that extends from the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to the zygomatic bone of the skull. It forms the prominence of the cheek. The masseteric nerve runs superior to the zygomatic arch to reach the masseter muscle. The arch serves as a landmark for the nerve's course, and the nerve typically does not pass through the arch itself.

4. Through the mandibular notch: This statement is not entirely correct. The masseteric nerve does not pass through the mandibular notch, which is a depression on the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible, but rather it passes above (superior to) the notch. The mandibular notch is the location where the masseteric nerve and the other branches of the mandibular nerve leave the infratemporal fossa and enter the submandibular space to innervate the muscles of mastication, including the masseter. The nerve then runs along the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and enters the deep surface of the masseter muscle.

In summary, the masseteric nerve passes deep to the medial pterygoid muscle, posterior to the TMJ, and superior to the zygomatic arch. It does not pass through the mandibular notch; instead, it runs superior to it before reaching the masseter muscle. The anatomical pathway of this nerve allows it to effectively innervate the masseter muscle, which is crucial for the function of the muscle in mastication.

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The mandibular 1st molar is supplied by Inferior alveolar nerve and long Buccal Nerve

74806

The spleen follows the long axes of ribs 9 to 11 and lies mostly posterior to the stomach, above the colon, and partly anterior to the kidney. It is attached to the stomach by a broad mesenterial band, the gastrosplemic ligament. Therefore, it is the most likely organ of the group to be pierced by a sharp object penetrating just above rib 10 at the posterior axillary line. Note that the pleural cavity, and possibly the lower part of the inferior lobe of the lung, would be pierced before the spleen. The ascending colon (choice 1) is on the wrong side (the right) to be penetrated by a sharp instrument piercing the left side.

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These form specialized fibres of the heart and are supposed to be terminal filaments of bundle of His. They are placed beneath the endocardium and intervene between it and the myocardium. 

68397

muscle of the soft palate is not supplied by the pharyngeal plexus is Tensor veli palatine

42506

The parasympathetic fibers to pterygopalatine ganglion come from greater petrosal nerve

24467

The nerve to masseter passes posterior to temporomandibular joint

94534

Starling's law of the heart states that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (end-diastolic volume) when all other variables remain constant. This intrinsic mechanism is a direct consequence of the length-tension relationship within the cardiac muscle fibers. As the muscle is stretched to an optimal length by the increased blood volume, the overlap between actin and myosin filaments improves, leading to a more forceful contraction and increased stroke volume.