NEET MDS Shorts
16128
PhysiologyHemolytic anemia is NOT a clinical consequence of defective bile acid absorption; rather, it is associated with the destruction of red blood cells, while fat malabsorption, steatorrhea, and vitamin K deficiency can occur due to bile salt deficiency.
71387
Physiology
The sodium-potassium-2-chloride (Na+-K+-2Cl-) cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is responsible for reabsorbing sodium and chloride ions from the tubular fluid into the blood. This process helps in the maintenance of osmotic balance and the generation of the medullary interstitial gradient.
10935
Physiology
Mossy fibers originate from various sources in the brain and spinal cord and terminate on granule cells in the granular layer of the cerebellum. The axons of granule cells, called parallel fibers, stimulate the purkinje cells and also synapse with interneurons such as stellate and basket cells in the molecular layer and Golgi cells in the granular layer. Climbing fibers originate from the inferior olivary nuclei and synapse directly on purkinje cells. The statement that stellate and basket cells are stimulated by inhibitory inputs from purkinje cells is incorrect; they are stimulated by parallel fibers and inhibit purkinje cells. Golgi cells are also stimulated by mossy fibers and help in the regulation of the overall output of the cerebellum.
73891
PhysiologyCalcium is absorbed mainly in the duodenum and jejunum by an active transport mechanism regulated by 1,25 (OH)2 D3 (calcitriol). It is transported across the brush border of intestinal epithelial cells via TRPV6 channels and binds to calbindin. The absorbed calcium is then delivered to the basolateral membrane by calbindin, and from there it is transported into the bloodstream by either the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) or calcium-dependent ATPase.
63949
Physiology
The cholinergic system, acting via muscarinic receptors, increases peristalsis and relaxes the sphincters in the gastrointestinal tract to facilitate the movement of food and waste through the digestive system.
49012
Physiology
Answer: 2) The primary neurotransmitter involved in the sympathetic nervous system's response at the neuromuscular junction is norepinephrine, which acts on alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors.
12559
Physiology
The gastrin family includes gastrin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP). Secretin belongs to the secretin family, which includes secretin, glucagon, and VIP. These two families are structurally similar but have distinct functions in the regulation of digestive processes.
52215
PhysiologyThe primary mechanism of sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts is active transport with the sodium-potassium ATPase pump.
55745
PhysiologyThe primary mechanism of bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule involves combination with hydrogen ions, forming carbonic acid, which is then converted to water and carbon dioxide.
75869
Physiology
The gastrocolic reflex is a physiological response where the distension of the stomach by food initiates contractions in the rectum, often leading to the urge to defecate.