59106

Explanation: A mummifying agent, such as paraformaldehyde, is used to preserve the pulp in cases where extirpation is challenging. This approach is often used as part of pulp therapy in certain endodontic treatments.

62613

Hydroxylation of protocollagen to true collagen in wound healing requires all three factors: 1) Oxygen - provides the oxidizing environment necessary for the hydroxylation reaction, 2) Ferric ion (Fe3+) - acts as a cofactor for the enzyme prolyl hydroxylase, 3) Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) - essential cofactor that maintains iron in the ferrous state and is required for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase activity. Deficiency of any of these factors leads to defective collagen synthesis, resulting in poor wound healing and scurvy-like symptoms.

63953

 Identifying Root Curvatures

74376

Establishing drainage is the first priority in acute apical abscess with swelling. This can be through pulp chamber access, incision and drainage, or extraction - whichever provides fastest drainage and pressure relief.

74469

The sealability with either vertical or lateral condensation techniques depends on the shape of the prepared canal. This is correct because: 1) Round, tapered canals are ideal for both techniques, 2) Oval or irregular canals may be better filled with vertical condensation, 3) Lateral condensation works best in canals with proper taper and resistance form, 4) Vertical condensation can adapt better to canal irregularities, 5) Neither technique is universally superior - success depends on canal anatomy and operator skill. Proper canal preparation is more important than the specific obturation technique chosen.

69512

Radiographically, it is virtually impossible to definitively distinguish a granuloma from a cyst. A granuloma consists of inflamed granulation tissue without an epithelial lining, whereas a cyst must have an epithelial-lined lumen. Histology remains the "gold standard" for diagnosis. 

84358

In fluorosis stain removal using microabrasion technique, both statements are correct: 1% ether is used to remove surface debris and organic pellicle from the tooth surface, preparing it for the etching procedure. 36% hydrochloric acid etches the enamel surface, removing the superficial fluorotic stains by creating micro-porosities. This combination technique (enamel microabrasion) effectively removes localized fluorosis stains from the outer enamel layer.

36392

Explanation: Furcation perforations occur in the area where the roots of a multi-rooted tooth diverge. These perforations are particularly challenging to manage because they can lead to periodontal disease and loss of attachment in the furcation area. The prognosis is poor due to the difficulty in achieving adequate sealing and maintaining periodontal health in this area, making it more susceptible to infection and further complications.

36857

Osteogenesis in periapical lesions of average size generally requires a significant amount of time, typically falling within the range of 6-12 months. This period allows for the complete healing of bone tissue around the root apex.

66445

Suproxol, a 30-35% hydrogen peroxide solution, is a bleaching agent used in non-vital bleaching for discolored, endodontically treated teeth. It is typically applied internally to the pulp chamber, sometimes combined with heat, to oxidize the staining agents within the tooth structure.