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NEET MDS Shorts

94937
Periodontics

Fanconi’s syndrome is a disorder of the proximal renal tubules in the kidney, resulting in the failure to reabsorb glucose, amino acids, uric acid, and phosphates, which are then lost in the urine. It is primarily a metabolic and renal condition and does not involve the melanocyte-stimulating pathways required for hyperpigmentation.


 Addison’s Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency)
Mechanism: Primary adrenal failure leads to a lack of cortisol, which triggers the pituitary gland to overproduce ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone).
Pigmentation: Because ACTH shares a precursor (POMC) with Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH), high levels of ACTH directly stimulate melanocytes.
Clinical Sign: This causes diffuse, "bronzing" hyperpigmentation of the skin (especially at pressure points/scars) and patchy brown/black macules on the oral mucosa (buccal mucosa and gingiva). 

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Mechanism: An autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by mutations in the STK11 gene.
Pigmentation: It is characterized by pathognomonic melanotic macules (1–5 mm freckle-like spots) appearing early in childhood.
Clinical Sign: These spots are most prominent on the lips (vermilion border), perioral skin, and buccal mucosa. They are often the first sign of the syndrome, which also involves gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps. 

McCune-Albright Syndrome
Mechanism: A complex genetic disorder involving polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and endocrine hyperfunction.
Pigmentation: It features characteristic café-au-lait macules.
Clinical Sign: These are typically large, unilateral, and have irregular "Coast of Maine" borders. While primarily cutaneous, they are a classic example of syndromic melanin hyperpigmentation. 

70214
Oral Surgery

A prothrombin time of 45 seconds (normal 11-15 seconds) indicates severe coagulopathy and contraindications extraction. This prolonged PT suggests either excessive anticoagulation or severe liver dysfunction, both of which significantly increase bleeding risk. The procedure should be postponed until coagulation parameters are normalized.

26560
Radiology

Fogging of X-ray film affects the contrast of an intraoral film because it increases film density resulting in an overall gray radiograph.

97770
NEETMDS

Stereophotogrammetry is a highly accurate, non-invasive 3D imaging technique. The question suggests identifying which is NOT promising; however, in clinical context, Stereophotogrammetry is actually highly promising for soft tissue.

48806
INI CET

The "dog bell and food story" refers to Pavlovian Classical Conditioning. It describes how a neutral stimulus (bell) becomes associated with a biological stimulus (food) to elicit a conditioned response.

62549
Physiology

The reticular activating system (RAS) is involved in the regulation of wakefulness and arousal by modulating the transmission of sensory information to the thalamus and cortex and by influencing the release of neurotransmitters that promote alertness.

56918
Physiology

Delta waves are high-amplitude, low-frequency brain waves that are most prominent during the deepest stage of NREM sleep, which is Stage 3 NREM, indicating deep sleep.

41920
Dental Materials

The Sn7. Hg or ? (gamm1) phase is the most corrodible in the low-copper amalgam system.

23077
Oral Medicine

Hyperemesis gravidarum is severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. The patient's symptoms and signs of dehydration (low blood pressure and decreased urine output) support this diagnosis.

59194
Prosthodontics

Explanation: Lining the baseplate with zinc oxide-eugenol impression paste provides a more stable and accurate fit during jaw relation records. This material can help capture the contours of the underlying tissues and minimize movement of the baseplate, thus reducing the risk of displacing it during the recording process. The other options may not provide the same level of stability.

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