70646

Recommended sequence: maxillary posteriors ? maxillary anteriors ? maxillary canine ? mandibular posteriors ? mandibular anteriors ? mandibular canine.

• The recommended sequence for extracting unilateral maxillary and mandibular teeth in one sitting is typically to start with the maxillary teeth and then proceed to the mandibular teeth.
• This approach helps prevent blood and debris from the maxillary extractions from falling into the mandibular extraction sites.
• Within each arch, the general sequence is usually posterior teeth first, moving towards the anterior teeth, and addressing the canines in their respective positions within the sequence.

10141

ETEC are the principal cause of traveler’s diarrhe1) They produce both a heat-labile toxin (LT) and a heat-stable toxin (ST) that act on the intestinal mucos1) The LT is similar to cholera toxin and increases intracellular cGMP levels, leading to enhanced fluid and electrolyte secretion into the lumen and thus diarrhe1) The ST acts by a different mechanism but also enhances fluid and electrolyte secretion.

59939

Ans. 2.. (Europe 1964 trade name Duraphat 25-75% caries reduction)

19093

1. People with Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP):
Xeroderma pigmentosum is a rare genetic disorder that affects the way the skin and eyes repair damage from UV radiation. Individuals with XP have a deficiency in the DNA repair mechanism that normally removes UV-induced lesions. As a result, their cells are more prone to mutations, which can lead to skin cancer. There are several types of XP, and they vary in severity, but all are characterized by extreme sensitivity to UV light, leading to early aging of the skin, pigmentation changes, and a high risk of developing multiple skin cancers, including melanoma, at a very young age.

2. Fanconi Anemia:
Fanconi anemia is another genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to repair DNA. It is not exclusively related to UV radiation but rather to a defect in the repair of DNA crosslinks, which can be caused by various agents, including UV light. Patients with Fanconi anemia have an increased susceptibility to various cancers, including skin cancers. Their cells have a higher frequency of chromosomal instability and DNA damage, which can be exacerbated by UV exposure. However, it's essential to note that the primary cancer risk in Fanconi anemia is related to the underlying defect in DNA repair and not solely to UV light.

3. Telangiectasia:
Telangiectasia is a condition where small blood vessels, especially those in the skin, widen and become visible. While telangiectasia itself does not increase the risk of skin cancer, individuals with certain forms of this condition may have a higher susceptibility to UV light damage. For example, some patients with telangiectasia may also have a genetic mutation or an acquired defect in the skin that results in poor repair of UV-induced DNA damage. This can lead to a higher risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, telangiectasias are often found in areas of the skin that have been exposed to significant UV radiation, such as the face, neck, and hands, which are common sites for these types of skin cancers.

In summary, all of the conditions mentioned (Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Fanconi Anemia, and Telangiectasia) can increase the susceptibility to UV light-induced carcinogenesis due to their respective impairments in DNA repair mechanisms and skin responses to UV radiation.

32851

The height of contour is defined as the line encircling a tooth that designates its greatest circumference at a specific axial position.

60995

Recent studies indicate that the head of the enamel prism is generally more resistant to demineralization than the tail.

12902

Knoop hardness test - Diamond of rhombic shape (The long axis of indentotion is measured)
Vickers (Diamond pyramid test) - Diamond of square base shape (The diagonal length of the indentation is measured)
Rockwell  - Diamond of conical shape (The penetration depth is measured)
Brinells  - Steel ball (The diameter of indentation is measured)

37536

If the temperature of the water used to mix gypsum products exceeds 50°C, it can slow down the setting reaction due to the reversible nature of the gypsum crystal formation at higher temperatures.

55805

Gastrin is released by the stomach and stimulates acid secretion in response to food, playing a key role in the gastric phase of digestion.

14501

When evaluating intraoral periapical films, lingual structures have improved sharpness.