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NEET MDS Shorts

69365
Pharmacology

Other drugs with narrow therapeutic index:


Digoxin Gentamicin Amphotericin B Levothyroxine Prazosin Theophylline Quinidine Warfarin Valproic acid

90407
Radiology

Edge enhancement effect is seen with xeroradiography.

31060
Periodontics

Gingival recession is more prevalent on the labial (cheek or lip side) surface of teeth compared to the lingual (tongue side) surface. This is often due to the thinner bone and gingival tissue on the labial aspect, as well as the effects of toothbrushing.
Gingival recession is typically more common in adults than children.

96906
General Medicine

Hypertension is a common complication of the nephrotic syndrome due to the loss of protein in the urine, particularly albumin, which leads to decreased plasma oncotic pressure and subsequent fluid retention and increased blood volume.

11114
Oral Pathology

Rumpel Leede or the tourniquet test measures capillary fragility.

53984
Oral Pathology

Quantity of current can be increased by increasing milliamperage, time, and tube current.

66153
Physiology

Type IIA fibers are oxidative-glycolytic, meaning they have a mix of oxidative and glycolytic metabolism, while type IIB fibers are purely glycolytic, relying on anaerobic metabolism for energy production during high-intensity, short-duration contractions.

76456
Periodontics

Hyaluronidase and chondroitinase are enzymes that play a role in the degradation of connective tissue components, including glycosaminoglycans in the periodontal tissues. These enzymes contribute to the breakdown of the extracellular matrix, which is significant in periodontal disease progression.

94937
Periodontics

Fanconi’s syndrome is a disorder of the proximal renal tubules in the kidney, resulting in the failure to reabsorb glucose, amino acids, uric acid, and phosphates, which are then lost in the urine. It is primarily a metabolic and renal condition and does not involve the melanocyte-stimulating pathways required for hyperpigmentation.


 Addison’s Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency)
Mechanism: Primary adrenal failure leads to a lack of cortisol, which triggers the pituitary gland to overproduce ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone).
Pigmentation: Because ACTH shares a precursor (POMC) with Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH), high levels of ACTH directly stimulate melanocytes.
Clinical Sign: This causes diffuse, "bronzing" hyperpigmentation of the skin (especially at pressure points/scars) and patchy brown/black macules on the oral mucosa (buccal mucosa and gingiva). 

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Mechanism: An autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by mutations in the STK11 gene.
Pigmentation: It is characterized by pathognomonic melanotic macules (1–5 mm freckle-like spots) appearing early in childhood.
Clinical Sign: These spots are most prominent on the lips (vermilion border), perioral skin, and buccal mucosa. They are often the first sign of the syndrome, which also involves gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps. 

McCune-Albright Syndrome
Mechanism: A complex genetic disorder involving polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and endocrine hyperfunction.
Pigmentation: It features characteristic café-au-lait macules.
Clinical Sign: These are typically large, unilateral, and have irregular "Coast of Maine" borders. While primarily cutaneous, they are a classic example of syndromic melanin hyperpigmentation. 

12033
Periodontics

Dental plaque is primarily made up of microbial communities, which play a significant role in the development of dental diseases like caries and periodontal disease.

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