NEET MDS Shorts
92189
Conservative DentistryAmount of force needed to condense direct filling gold depends on the surface area of the condenser. The larger the surface area, the less pressure is required to achieve proper condensation. The force applied affects the compaction of the gold, but it is the size and shape of the condenser point that dictate the actual pressure exerted on the material.
60827
Dental Materials
Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement is primarily composed of zinc oxide and eugenol, with a pH of approximately 7, making it less irritating to pulpal tissues.
84574
Oral Medicine
Type 2 diabetes is primarily associated with insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin.
78221
General Medicine
Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin II by the action of renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, leading to sodium and water retention and an increase in blood pressure.
76368
Oral PathologyPagets disease shows a characteristic mosaic pattern of bone on radiographs due to irregular bone remodeling with alternating areas of bone resorption and formation. This creates a "jigsaw puzzle" or mosaic appearance with cement lines separating areas of old and new bone. Fibrous dysplasia shows ground-glass appearance, osteopetrosis shows marble bone appearance, and osteogenesis imperfecta shows thin cortices.
46977
NEETMDSThe facial index is a measurement used in physical anthropology and orthodontics to classify facial shapes. A normal, or mesoprosopic, facial index is generally considered to be in the range of 75-80%
25099
PhysiologyGlucose is reabsorbed via active transport mechanisms that involve sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLTs) and glucose transporters (GLUTs).
43505
General Medicine
Transferrin is a glycoprotein synthesized by the liver that acts as the primary iron-transport protein in the blood. It binds to iron and transfers it to cells that require it, such as erythrocytes for hemoglobin synthesis.
32631
Prosthodontics
Explanation: A high V-shaped palate can compromise the retention and
stability of a complete denture because it reduces the surface area for the
denture to contact and conform to the palate. This results in less suction and a
smaller seal, making the denture more likely to dislodge during function.
61993
Pathology
Opsonins are molecules that enhance the phagocytosis of antigens by binding to their surfaces and acting as markers or labels that make them more recognizable to phagocytes.
1. lgG (Fc fragment): Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most common antibody isotype
in human serum. It plays a crucial role in the secondary immune response. The Fc
region of IgG is the fragment that interacts with Fc receptors present on the
membrane of phagocytic cells. When an antigen is coated with IgG, the Fc
fragments of these antibodies can bind to the Fc receptors, leading to the
activation of the phagocytic process. This is known as antibody-dependent
phagocytosis, where the antibody acts as an opsonin to facilitate the
recognition and engulfment of the antigen by phagocytic cells.
2. C3b of complement cascade: The complement system is a cascade of proteins
that can be activated in response to an infection or the presence of foreign
substances. C3 is a central protein in this system, and when it is cleaved into
C3a and C3b, the latter can bind directly to antigens. C3b acts as an opsonin by
coating the surface of pathogens. The presence of C3b on a microbial surface
allows it to be recognized by complement receptors on phagocytic cells, such as
macrophages. This interaction enhances the efficiency of phagocytosis, as the
receptors can recognize the bound C3b and engulf the antigen more readily.
3. IgM (Fc fragment) and C5b of complement cascade: While IgM is the first
antibody isotype produced in response to an infection and can also opsonize
antigens, it is less efficient than IgG due to its pentameric structure and
lower affinity for phagocytic receptors. However, it is not as commonly
associated with phagocytosis as IgG. Regarding C5b, it is part of the membrane
attack complex (MAC) and is involved in the direct destruction of pathogens
rather than acting as a classical opsonin that leads to phagocytosis. The MAC
assembles on the surface of the antigen and creates pores, leading to osmotic
lysis and destruction of the cell membrane.