54787

Retention grooves in a class V cavity for non-adhesive restoration are placed in the mesioaxial and distoaxial line angles. These grooves help hold the restoration in place by providing mechanical retention and reducing the risk of microleakage.

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The Gillies approach is a surgical technique used in facial reconstruction, particularly for the repair of facial defects. The superficial temporal artery is of significant anatomical importance during this procedure, as it supplies blood to the scalp and face. Surgeons must be cautious to avoid damaging this artery during the approach.

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Muscular overextension and overcontraction is the primary causative factor for MPDS. This occurs due to parafunctional habits (bruxism, clenching), stress, malocclusion, or postural problems leading to muscle fatigue, spasm, and pain. The cycle of muscle tension, pain, and further spasm perpetuates the condition. Infratemporal space infection, auriculotemporal neuritis, and otitis media are not primary causes of MPDS.

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Chronic kidney disease is typically diagnosed by the presence of persistent proteinuria or a decreased glomerular filtration rate for over 3 months, along with evidence of kidney damage.

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Hayton-Williams forceps are specifically designed for the disimpaction and reduction of the maxilla. Rowe's forceps may also be used, but the question primarily indicates that both Hayton-Williams and Rowe are intended here.

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The red line measures the extraction difficulty based on the depth and angle. Specifically, it is drawn perpendicularly from the amber line to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to measure the depth of the tooth's impaction. A longer red line signifies a deeper, more difficult extraction.

The three lines

White Line: A line drawn along the occlusal (biting) surfaces of the erupted lower molars and extended over the third molar region.

Purpose: To determine the axial inclination, or angulation, of the impacted tooth relative to the other molars.

Amber Line: A line drawn from the crest of the bone on the distal side (back) of the third molar to the crest of the interdental bone between the first and second molars.

Purpose: To show the level of the alveolar bone that covers the tooth, indicating how much bone will need to be surgically removed.

Red Line: A line drawn perpendicularly from the amber line to a specific point on the impacted tooth, typically the cementoenamel junction (CEJ).

Purpose: To measure the depth of the tooth's impaction, which corresponds to surgical difficulty. A longer red line signifies a deeper, more difficult extraction. 

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Hyperparathyroidism is a condition characterized by an overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which leads to increased bone resorption and changes in bone density. The radiographic features associated with hyperparathyroidism include:

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Elective dental procedures should be postponed until at least 6 months after myocardial infarction. The risk of reinfarction is highest in the first 6 months post-MI. During this critical period, only emergency dental procedures should be performed, and elective treatments should be deferred to minimize cardiovascular stress and complications.

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HLA class I antigens are present on all nucleated cells, playing a crucial role in the immune response.

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Custom-formed mouth protectors are made from impressions of the patient’s teeth and offer the best fit and protection. They are typically made by a dental professional and are more comfortable than stock or boil-and-bite mouthguards. While plastic molded and stock mouthguards are also available, custom-formed ones are considered superior in terms of protection and compliance.