21331

Acid etching of dentin creates a micro porous surface that allows for better infiltration and mechanical interlocking of the bonding agent, leading to improved bond strength between the restorative material and the tooth structure.

31696

Carbonic anhydrase is found in erythrocytes, kidney, gut, ciliary body, choroid plexus, and glial cells.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are used primarily as probes for studying renal transport mechanisms and in the treatment of glaucoma
When used to treat glaucoma, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors diminish the transport of HCO3 - and Na+ by the ciliary process, which limits intraocular pressure.
This reduces the formation of aqueous humor by up to 50%, thereby reducing the intraocular pressure. These agents can also limit CSF and endolymph formation. 

91543

SOLUTION

46518

Cariogenic streptococci, particularly Streptococcus mutans, synthesize extracellular polysaccharides when exposed to high levels of sucrose. These polysaccharides are primarily dextran-like glucans, which are formed from the polymerization of glucose units. Dextran contributes to the formation of dental plaque and biofilm, facilitating the adherence of bacteria to tooth surfaces and promoting caries development.

53911

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition characterized by an overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which leads to increased bone resorption and changes in bone density. The radiographic features associated with hyperparathyroidism include:

98406

60011

The type of muscle that exhibits an unstable membrane potential that will spontaneously depolarize is cardiac muscle.

Cardiac muscle cells, which are responsible for the contraction of the heart, have an intrinsic ability to contract rhythmically without the need for external stimulation. This is due to their unique property of automaticity, which is mediated by the presence of the sinoatrial (SA) node and the subsequent propagation of electrical impulses throughout the heart via the conduction system. The SA node, often referred to as the "natural pacemaker" of the heart, generates action potentials spontaneously and sets the heart rate.

The cardiac action potential involves a series of ionic currents across the cell membrane that result in the depolarization and repolarization of the membrane. During the resting phase, the membrane potential is maintained at a negative value (around -90 mV) primarily due to the efflux of potassium ions (K+). When the SA node initiates an action potential, voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels open, allowing an influx of sodium ions that leads to depolarization. Following this, calcium (Ca2+) and more sodium ions enter the cell through voltage-gated calcium (CaV) and sodium (Nav) channels, while potassium ions efflux through various types of potassium (K+) channels, contributing to the plateau phase and repolarization of the membrane.

The spontaneous depolarization of cardiac muscle cells is essential for the coordinated contraction of the heart, which is critical for maintaining blood circulation in the body. This property is not typically found in skeletal muscles, which require an external signal from motor neurons to contract, nor in smooth muscles, which are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and hormones.

94732

Acetaminophen primarily acts centrally as an analgesic without significant peripheral COX inhibition or impact on prostaglandins, so it doesn't alter bone deposition/remodeling. Ibuprofen, Aspirin, and Dexamethasone all interfere with the bone remodeling process. 

Ibuprofen (an NSAID) inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, reducing prostaglandin E2 production, which slows osteoclast activity and tooth movement (supported by studies like those in American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, e.g., 2010 review showing NSAIDs delay movement by 30-50%).

Aspirin (another NSAID) similarly inhibits COX, decreasing prostaglandins and impairing bone remodeling, as evidenced by clinical trials (e.g., Angle Orthodontist 2006 study demonstrating reduced tooth movement).

Dexamethasone (a corticosteroid) suppresses osteoblast and osteoclast function via glucocorticoid receptors, inhibiting bone formation and remodeling (confirmed by research in Journal of Dental Research, e.g., 2015 studies showing steroids impair orthodontic response).

55562

Pleurisy, or inflammation of the pleural lining, is the most common serosal involvement in SLE. This can lead to pleural effusions and chest pain.

82298

After a myocardial infarction (MI), elective dental treatment is generally deferred for at least 6 months because of the risk of reinfarction.
However, if urgent treatment such as full mouth extractions is required within 6 months, it must be done with special precautions.
Since the patient is on anticoagulant therapy, the prothrombin time (PT/INR) must be checked and controlled to reduce bleeding risk.
The safest approach is:
Hospitalize the patient for monitoring.
Control PT/INR before surgery.
Perform extractions under local anesthesia (general anesthesia carries higher cardiovascular risk).