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A cementoblastoma typically presents as a central radiopaque mass surrounded by a radiolucent halo on a radiograph. This appearance is due to the formation of cementum-like tissue (radiopaque) which is encapsulated by a thin layer of connective tissue (radiolucent halo).

 Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia progresses from radiolucent to mixed to radiopaque over time. 

Complex odontoma is a mass of disorganized dental tissues and usually lacks a distinct, uniform radiolucent halo.

 Condensing osteitis is a localized area of bone sclerosis but does not have a distinct radiolucent halo.

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Risk factors for the malignant transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders include the site of the lesion (e.g., floor of the mouth, tongue), size, clinical type (e.g., speckled leukoplakia), presence of Invasive Candida albicans, and DNA aneuploidy. While oral cancer is more common in males, being male in itself is not considered a specific risk factor for the malignant transformation of an existing premalignant lesion. Risk factors relate to the nature of the lesion and associated biological or environmental factors.

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Gingival retraction is a technique used in dentistry to temporarily move the gum tissue away from the tooth to create a clear impression of the tooth and the surrounding area.

Retraction cord, also known as gingival retraction cord, is a common and widely used mechanical method for gingival retraction during final impression procedures.

The cord is typically soaked in a chemical agent to control bleeding and tissue fluid, then gently placed into the sulcus (the space between the tooth and the gum).

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Protein C is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein that acts as an anticoagulant. Upon activation, it forms a complex with protein S and inhibits factor Xa and thrombin, thereby preventing excessive clot formation and promoting clot dissolution.

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In pneumothorax, breath sounds are absent

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The center of rotation (COR) is the point around which a body rotates when a force is applied.For pure intrusion (bodily movement along the tooth/s long axis with no tipping), the center of rotation is located at infinity.This means the entire tooth moves vertically without any angular change.

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Root canal morphology can be highly variable and complex. Clinically, it is best practice to assume the presence of additional canals until proven otherwise, as failure to locate and clean all canals can lead to endodontic failure. Canals often branch and can have multiple systems within a single root.

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Ventilation/perfusion ratio is highest in the apex of lung

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Pulse granulomas are microscopic, eosinophilic, foreign-body reactions found in the walls of inflammatory cysts, often surrounded by lymphocytes and multinucleated giant cells.They are believed to be caused by the implantation of vegetable matter into the tissue.

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The direction of the resorption of the maxillary ridge is upwards and lingually.