29350

Gingival enlargement, or overgrowth, is a known side effect associated with several classes of medications: Anticonvulsants: Drugs like phenytoin, used to treat epilepsy, commonly cause gingival enlargement. Immunosuppressants: Cyclosporine, often used in organ transplant patients (e.g., renal transplantation), is strongly associated with gingival overgrowth. Calcium Channel Blockers: Certain medications for hypertension, such as nifedipine, can induce gingival enlargement. Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) typically do not take medications that cause this specific side effect. Therefore, a patient with COPD is the exception

66717

The classic Vita Shade Guide uses a numbering system where 1 represents the lightest shade within a specific hue group (A, B, C, or D). Among the options provided, A1 is considered the lightest overall shade.

88098

Vestibular appliances are designed to influence the vestibular musculature and include oral screen, lip bumper, and Frankel appliance. The activator is an intraoral functional appliance, not vestibular.

87619

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and general dental guidelines, mouthwash rinsing is not recommended for children under the age of 6. This is due to the risk of children swallowing the mouthwash,

21955

Pernicious anemia is a common complication of chronic fundal (type 1) gastritis due to the loss of intrinsic factor.

80476

A lingual arch is used as a bilateral space maintainer in the mandibular arch when there is bilateral loss of primary teeth.

It is a fixed appliance that maintains the arch length and circumference.
A distal shoe is a unilateral appliance used when a primary second molar is lost before the eruption of the permanent first molar.
A band and loop is also a unilateral appliance used for single tooth loss.

A band and bar is similar to a band and loop but with a more rigid bar.

57012

86235

Custom-formed mouth protectors are made from impressions of the patient’s teeth and offer the best fit and protection. They are typically made by a dental professional and are more comfortable than stock or boil-and-bite mouthguards. While plastic molded and stock mouthguards are also available, custom-formed ones are considered superior in terms of protection and compliance.

11932

Freeway space is defined as vertical dimension at rest - vertical dimension at occlusion.

88922

Enhanced liver metabolism is the explanation for persistently lower serum levels of theophylline in an alcoholic with chronic obstructive lung disease.