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SOLUTION

96933

A suturing needle used in periodontal surgery should have a swedged suture needle.

75576

Rubber band extraction is specifically indicated for patients with bleeding disorders. This technique involves placing orthodontic elastics around the tooth to create gradual pressure, causing slow strangulation of the periodontal ligament and eventual tooth exfoliation without surgical trauma, thus minimizing bleeding risk in coagulopathic patients.

75369

The principal chemical mediator of the immediate phase of acute inflammation is Histamine. Here's a detailed explanation of the options given:

1. Serotonin: While serotonin is a vasoactive substance that can cause blood vessels to constrict or dilate, it is not the primary mediator of the immediate phase of acute inflammation. It is mainly associated with the regulation of mood, appetite, and sleep. In the context of inflammation, it plays a minor role compared to histamine.

2. Histamine: Histamine is indeed the correct answer. It is a potent chemical mediator released from mast cells and basophils in response to injury or antigenic stimulation. Upon release, histamine acts on blood vessels to cause vasodilation, increased permeability, and increased blood flow to the injured area, which are hallmark features of the immediate phase of acute inflammation. This results in the cardinal signs of inflammation: redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), and pain (dolor).

3. Kinin-Kallikrein system: The kinin-kallikrein system is another important mediator of inflammation, but it is more involved in the later phases. When activated, it results in the formation of kinins, such as bradykinin, which contribute to increased vascular permeability and pain. However, it is not the first line mediator in the immediate phase.

4. Complement system: The complement system is a group of proteins in the blood that work with antibodies to destroy pathogens and trigger inflammation. It is a key component of the innate immune response, but its activation and role are more pronounced in the later stages of inflammation rather than the immediate phase. The complement system is involved in the opsonization of pathogens, recruitment of phagocytes, and the formation of the membrane attack complex, which can lyse certain bacteria and cells.

The immediate phase of acute inflammation is characterized by the rapid response to tissue injury, which includes vasoactive changes and increased vascular permeability to allow fluid, cells, and proteins to move into the interstitial space. Histamine is quickly released from mast cells and basophils and acts on H1 receptors of blood vessels to induce vasodilation and increased permeability. This leads to the early symptoms of inflammation, such as swelling, redness, heat, and pain, and is crucial for the initiation of the inflammatory response to protect the body from harm.

77058

Cutaneous anthrax is primarily caused by entry through the skin, often through abrasions or cuts.

19295

MAC is a measure of potency; lower MAC indicates higher potency. A MAC value over 100% (like 105% for N2O) indicates that it is a very weak anesthetic, requiring a theoretical concentration higher than atmospheric limits to achieve anesthesia in 50% of patients.

98167

The destruction of microorganisms on living tissues, as long as there is contact between the tissues and the antimicrobial agent, denotes antisepsis (option 2). Antisepsis refers to the application of antimicrobial agents to living tissues to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction.

1. Sterilization:

   • This is the process of completely eliminating all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores, from an object or surface. Sterilization is typically achieved through methods such as autoclaving (steam under pressure), dry heat, chemical sterilants, or radiation. Sterilization is used for medical instruments, laboratory equipment, and other items that must be free of all microorganisms.

2. Antisepsis:

   • Antisepsis refers to the application of antimicrobial agents to living tissues to reduce the risk of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. Antiseptics are used on skin and mucous membranes to prevent infection during surgical procedures, wound care, and other medical interventions. Common antiseptics include alcohol, iodine solutions, and chlorhexidine.

3. Sanitization:

   • Sanitization is the process of reducing the number of microorganisms on surfaces or objects to a level considered safe by public health standards. This does not necessarily eliminate all microorganisms but reduces them to a level that minimizes the risk of infection or disease. Sanitization is commonly used in food service, public restrooms, and other environments where hygiene is important.

82949

Alginate is derived from alginic acid, which is extracted from brown seaweed. It reacts with calcium sulfate to form a stable gel.

94938

Trismus in parapharyngeal abscess is due to spasm of the medial pterygoid muscle. The infection in the parapharyngeal space causes irritation and reflex spasm of this muscle, which is closely related anatomically to this space, resulting in restricted mouth opening.

36631

While it has good mechanical properties, poorly placed zinc phosphate cement can cause pulpal irritation.