64350

GIP is released from the K cells of the duodenum and jejunum in response to the presence of nutrients, particularly glucose and fat. Its primary function is to stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cells, which helps regulate postprandial blood glucose levels. It also inhibits gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying.

88965

An acute inferior wall myocardial infarction (MI) is most commonly caused by an occlusion of the right coronary artery, which supplies the inferior wall of the left ventricle and the right ventricle in most people. When the right ventricle is involved in the infarction, it can lead to right ventricular dysfunction, which severely impairs the heart's ability to pump blood to the lungs and subsequently to the rest of the body. This results in acute and progressive hemodynamic collapse and cardiogenic shock. Cardiogenic shock is the most common cause of death in patients with acute MI.

56737

Relief is important in denture design as it helps to prevent pressure points that could cause discomfort or tissue damage.

33003

The nerve to masseter passes through the mandibular notch to enter the muscle on its medial surface

The nerve to the masseter muscle is the masseteric nerve, which is a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3), the largest division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). The masseter muscle is one of the muscles of mastication that lifts the lower jaw, contributing to the action of biting and chewing.

The masseteric nerve originates from the anterior division of the mandibular nerve and typically passes:

1. Deep to the medial pterygoid muscle: The medial pterygoid muscle is located in the infratemporal fossa, which is the space deep to the zygomatic arch and medial to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The masseteric nerve runs in a deep position relative to the medial pterygoid muscle as it travels towards the masseter muscle. This muscle is involved in the side-to-side movement of the jaw, known as lateral excursion.

2. Posterior to the temporomandibular joint: The TMJ is the articulation between the mandible and the temporal bone of the skull. It is a synovial joint that allows for the hinge movement of the jaw, such as opening and closing the mouth. The masseteric nerve passes behind the TMJ to reach the masseter muscle. This nerve does not actually cross the joint itself but runs in a position posterior to it.

3. Superior to the zygomatic arch: The zygomatic arch is the bony structure that extends from the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to the zygomatic bone of the skull. It forms the prominence of the cheek. The masseteric nerve runs superior to the zygomatic arch to reach the masseter muscle. The arch serves as a landmark for the nerve's course, and the nerve typically does not pass through the arch itself.

4. Through the mandibular notch: This statement is not entirely correct. The masseteric nerve does not pass through the mandibular notch, which is a depression on the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible, but rather it passes above (superior to) the notch. The mandibular notch is the location where the masseteric nerve and the other branches of the mandibular nerve leave the infratemporal fossa and enter the submandibular space to innervate the muscles of mastication, including the masseter. The nerve then runs along the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and enters the deep surface of the masseter muscle.

In summary, the masseteric nerve passes deep to the medial pterygoid muscle, posterior to the TMJ, and superior to the zygomatic arch. It does not pass through the mandibular notch; instead, it runs superior to it before reaching the masseter muscle. The anatomical pathway of this nerve allows it to effectively innervate the masseter muscle, which is crucial for the function of the muscle in mastication.

51205

When a small root tip is displaced into the maxillary sinus, the recommended initial management is to attempt retrieval using the Valsalva maneuver or gentle suction. This non-invasive technique uses air pressure to force the fragment back into the socket.

44205

Closest speaking space in normal jaw relations is approximately 1.5 to 3 mm.

24956

The high labial-bow is typically used for molar retraction and is not designed for incisor retraction. In contrast, Roberts retractors, split labial-bows, and apron springs are all instruments that can be used effectively for retracting incisors during orthodontic treatment.

16992

Occlusal trauma is defined as tissue changes in the periodontium from abnormal occlusal forces.

47141

In indirect gold casting techniques, occlusal registration is crucial for ensuring that the final restoration fits properly in the patient's occlusion. "Static registration of dynamic occlusion" refers to capturing the occlusal relationship when the patient is in a static position, which is essential for creating a functional restoration.

82949

Alginate is derived from alginic acid, which is extracted from brown seaweed. It reacts with calcium sulfate to form a stable gel.