17795

Enamel spindles are formed by odontoblast processes that extend across the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) into the enamel.

79403

Benzoyl peroxide in the powder of denture base resin is responsible for initiating the polymerization process when it reacts with the monomer in the liquid component.

40215

Shivering is the primary physiological event used to raise body temperature. It involves involuntary muscle contractions that generate heat. Other options like sweating and vasodilation are mechanisms used to dissipate heat and lower body temperature.

85624

The CPITN (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs) probe has a ball-ended periodontal probe with a diameter of 0.5 mm. The markings at 3.5, 5.5, 8.5, and 11 mm are used to assess the depth of the periodontal pockets in the gingival sulcus. This probe is designed to evaluate the periodontal health and treatment needs of a community and is commonly used in epidemiological studies.

50681

Number 16 cowhorn forceps are specially designed to extract mandibular molars.

18293

To standardize the magnification in a lateral cephalogram, a standard source-to-film distance (SFD) of 60 inches is used, and the patient's head is positioned approximately 9 inches from the film (sensor). This results in a consistent 9/60 or 15% magnification factor, allowing for standardized comparisons over time.

86355

Hyperpigmentation is a classic physical finding in Addison's disease, which is caused by adrenal insufficiency.

85854

Submentovertex view should be avoided in patients with cervical spondylitis because it requires extreme hyperextension of the neck. This positioning can cause severe pain, neurological complications, or injury to the cervical spine in patients with existing cervical pathology. Alternative views should be used.

89762

39164

For mild tetracycline staining in a 12-year-old child, at-home bleaching is the most conservative and effective first-line treatment. It uses lower concentrations (10-15% carbamide peroxide) which are safer for young patients, provides gradual treatment that reduces sensitivity. Hydrochloric acid microabrasion is too aggressive for mild stains, Superoxol (30% H2O2) is too strong for vital teeth in children, and composite veneers are too invasive for mild discoloration.