28454

Epinephrine (adrenaline) is a critical treatment for anaphylaxis due to its alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2 adrenergic effects. It causes vasoconstriction, increases heart rate and contractility, and causes bronchodilation. The standard dose for an adult in an emergency setting is 0.5 mg of a 1:1000 concentration solution administered intramuscularly (IM) or subcutaneously (SC). Intravenous (IV) administration of the 1:1000 concentration is generally too potent and can cause severe adverse effects, requiring a much more dilute solution (1:10,000 or 1:100,000) and careful titration, usually only in a hospital setting.

59774

Hypertensive retinopathy is the condition characterized by retinal hemorrhages and exudates in a patient with high blood pressure.

59433

An enamel pearl located on the distal furcation of a maxillary molar with furcation involvement can be best treated by flap surgery and odontoplasty.

98634

Le Fort I Fracture

• Le Fort I fracture involves the maxilla and typically includes the upper teeth and palate, lower portions of the pterygoid processes, and the nasal spine. However, it does not involve the bridge of the nose, which is part of the facial skeleton above the maxilla.

68323

Gardners syndrome does NOT typically show cotton wool, multifocal radiodense conglomerates. Gardners syndrome (familial adenomatous polyposis) is associated with multiple osteomas, odontomas, and supernumerary teeth, but not the characteristic cotton wool appearance. Cemento-osseous dysplasia, Pagets disease, and fibrous dysplasia all can show cotton wool or ground-glass radiodense patterns with mixed radiolucent-radiopaque appearances.

91355

Beta-1 selective blockers

These include atenolol and metoprolol (as well as betaxolol, bevantolol, and perhaps esmolol). 

Non-selective beta blockers

propranolol 

64826

Prothrombin production in the liver is dependent upon Vitamin K intake

29229

Sialadenoma papilliferum is a rare, benign salivary gland tumor typically occurring in the palate. It presents as an exophytic, papillary lesion and histologically shows a dual epithelial layer (columnar and cuboidal) with connective tissue cores that may contain plasma cells. The other options, such as monomorphic adenoma or simple ductal papilloma, lack these specific histological features.

31643

Zinc phosphate cement is an anhydrous powder and liquid system, and its liquid (phosphoric acid) is very stable. Glass ionomer cement (GIC) liquid is polyacrylic acid, which is more prone to water loss or gain than zinc phosphate liquid. Polycarboxylate cement liquid is also polyacrylic acid, but it is typically supplied in a solution form that is highly susceptible to water evaporation when exposed to air, leading to changes in viscosity and handling properties. Therefore, polycarboxylate liquid has the highest rate of water loss, followed by GIC liquid, and then zinc phosphate liquid.

67429

The Campbell line is an important anatomical reference line used in radiology, particularly in the context of the occipitomental view (also known as the Water's view). This line is drawn from the outer canthus of the eye to the midpoint of the maxillary sinus and is used to assess the position of the maxillary sinuses and other related structures in the skull.