NEET MDS Shorts
64096
PhysiologyThe majority of glucose reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule, where glucose is actively transported back into the bloodstream.
60011
Physiology
The type of muscle that exhibits an unstable membrane potential that will
spontaneously depolarize is cardiac muscle.
Cardiac muscle cells, which are responsible for the contraction of the heart,
have an intrinsic ability to contract rhythmically without the need for external
stimulation. This is due to their unique property of automaticity, which is
mediated by the presence of the sinoatrial (SA) node and the subsequent
propagation of electrical impulses throughout the heart via the conduction
system. The SA node, often referred to as the "natural pacemaker" of the heart,
generates action potentials spontaneously and sets the heart rate.
The cardiac action potential involves a series of ionic currents across the cell
membrane that result in the depolarization and repolarization of the membrane.
During the resting phase, the membrane potential is maintained at a negative
value (around -90 mV) primarily due to the efflux of potassium ions (K+). When
the SA node initiates an action potential, voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels
open, allowing an influx of sodium ions that leads to depolarization. Following
this, calcium (Ca2+) and more sodium ions enter the cell through voltage-gated
calcium (CaV) and sodium (Nav) channels, while potassium ions efflux through
various types of potassium (K+) channels, contributing to the plateau phase and
repolarization of the membrane.
The spontaneous depolarization of cardiac muscle cells is essential for the
coordinated contraction of the heart, which is critical for maintaining blood
circulation in the body. This property is not typically found in skeletal
muscles, which require an external signal from motor neurons to contract, nor in
smooth muscles, which are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and
hormones.
23136
Dental Materials
It is not advisable to fill the crown completely with cement due to following 4 reasons: 1. the time for removal of excess cement elevates.
2. the risk for bubble entrapment increases
3. increased pressure may be needed
4. the time for seating increases
87155
PhysiologyActivation of muscle contraction is promoted by : Opening of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca channel. Ca2+ binding to troponin C. Opening of Na channels Ca2+ binding to the Ca2+-ATPase
90909
Pharmacology
Treatment of acute gout is mainly to control symptoms, i.e. pain, swelling etc.
The symptoms of acute gout are due to inflammation in the joints.
So, drugs which decrease inflammation are used in acute gout, i.e. anti-inflammatory drugs. Drugs are:- NSAIDs, Colchicine, Corticosteroids
28678
NEETMDS
Giant cell tumors (GCTs) and giant cell granulomas (GCG) differ in the nuclear count of their giant cells. In GCTs, the giant cells have numerous nuclei (50-80), whereas in GCGs, the giant cells have fewer nuclei (3-20). Other features listed, such as uniform distribution, presence of inflammatory cells and IL, and small foci of spindle-shaped cells, can be similar in both conditions.
86870
Public Health Dentistry
If a restoration is not placed following acid etching, the enamel
surfaces remain demineralized and vulnerable to further attack from acids,
leading to potential decalcification. The etched enamel does not fully
remineralize in 48 hours and is at risk for bacterial penetration.
27649
Community DentistryHealth hazards from central suction units (e.g., aerosols containing pathogens) can be minimized by venting exhaust outside, keeping filters clean, and regular disinfection.
74579
PedodonticsThe offset angle of a Gracey curette between the blade and shank is 70 degrees.
48667
INI CET
Penicillamine is a chelating agent that binds to copper ions, forming a stable, water-soluble complex that is excreted by the kidneys. It is the gold standard for Wilson’s disease treatment.