Study Notes

Achrondroplasia  is a major cause of dwarfism. The underlying etiology is a point mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor, which causes inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation, which is associated with suppression of the normal epiphyseal growth plate expansion. Thus, long bone growth is markedly shortened. The most conspicuous changes include disproportionate shortening of the proximal extremities, bowing of the legs, and a lordotic posture.  …

By rearranging the above equation we arrive at the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = pKa + log[A-]/[HA] It should be obvious now that the pH of a solution of any acid (for which the equilibrium constant is known, and there are numerous tables with this information) can be calculated knowing the concentration of the acid, HA, and its conjugate base [A-]. At the point of the dissociation where the concentration of the conjugate base [A-] = to that of the …

Balanced Anesthesia A barbiturate, narcotic analgesic agent, neuromuscular blocking agent, nitrous oxide and one of the more potent inhalation anesthetic.

Function of Calcium The major functions of calcium are (a) Excitation and contraction of muscle fibres needs calcium. The active transport system utilizing calcium binding protein is called Calsequestrin. Calcium decreases neuromuscular irritability. (b) Calcium is necessary for transmission of nerve impulse from presynaptic to postsynaptic region. (c) Calcium is used as second messenger in system involving protein and inositol triphosphate. (d) Secretion o…

First pouch Auditory tube, which comes in contact     with epithelial line of first pharyngeal     cleft, where future external acoustic     meatus will form. Distal portion will form tympanic        cavity (lining will become eardrum) Proximal portion will become auditory tube Second pouch Forms buds that p…