General Surgery

Cardiovascular Effects of Sevoflurane, Halothane, and Isoflurane Sevoflurane: Maintains cardiac index and heart rate effectively. Exhibits less hypotensive and negative inotropic effects compared to halothane. Cardiac output is greater than that observed with halothane. Recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia is smooth and comparable to isoflurane, with a shorter time to standing than halothane. Halothane:…

Ludwig's Angina Ludwig's angina is a serious, potentially life-threatening cellulitis or connective tissue infection of the submandibular space. It typically arises from infections of the teeth, particularly the second or third molars, and can lead to airway obstruction due to swelling. This condition is named after the German physician Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig, who first described it in the 19th century. Etiology Common Causes: …

Inflammation is the respone of the body to an irritant. Stages of Inflammation 1. General: Temperature Raised. In severe cases bacteremia or septicemia ,rigors may occur. 2. Local: classical signs of inflammation are due to hyperemia and inflammation exudate i) Heat:  inflammed area feels warmer than the surrounding tissues. ii) Redness iii) Tenderness: Due to pressure of exudate on the surrounding nerves  If the exudate is  under te…

TMJ Ankylosis Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) ankylosis is a condition characterized by the abnormal fusion of the mandibular condyle to the temporal bone, leading to restricted jaw movement. This condition can significantly impact a patient's ability to open their mouth and perform normal functions such as eating and speaking. Causes and Mechanisms of TMJ Ankylosis Condylar Injuries: Most cases of TMJ ankylosis result from condylar inj…