Study Notes

GTR Membrane Placement: Apical border: 3 – 4 mm below defect margin. Lateral extension: 2 – 3 mm beyond defect. Root Surface Biomodification: Citric acid (pH 1.0) for 2 – 5 min. Enamel Matrix Derivative: Emdogain (from porcine teeth). Cervical Enamel Projections: Seen in 8.6 – 28.6% of molars. Smoking: Preventable risk factor; damages cilia via hydrogen cyanide.…

Hepatitis C virus.  It is most often mild and anicteric but occasionally severe with fulminant hepatic failure. It is caused an RNA virus, which may be transmitted parenterally (a cause of post-transfusion hepatitis); the route of transmission undetermined in 40%-50% of cases a. 90% of blood transfusion-related hepatitis is caused by hepatitis C. b. 50% progress to chronic disease. c. Increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. d. Incubation period: r…

Lip Bumper A lip bumper is an orthodontic appliance designed to create space in the dental arch by preventing the lips from exerting pressure on the teeth. It is primarily used in growing children and adolescents to manage dental arch development, particularly in cases of crowding or to facilitate the eruption of permanent teeth. The appliance is typically used in the lower arch but can also be adapted for the upper arch. Indications for Use …

Forces Required for Tooth Movements Tipping: Force Required: 50-75 grams Description: Tipping involves the movement of a tooth around its center of resistance, resulting in a change in the angulation of the tooth. Bodily Movement: Force Required: 100-150 grams Description: Bodily movement refers to the translation of a tooth in its entirety, moving it in a straight line without tipping. Intrusion: …

Histology of the Pulp PARTICIPATING CELLS 1. Odontoblasts (body and process) Most distinctive cells of the pulp Single layer The cells are columnar in the coronal portion, cuboidal in the middle portion, flat in the apical portion Individual odontoblasts communicate with each other via junctions. The number of odontoblasts corresponds to the number of dentinal tubules. The lifespan of an odontoblast equals the one of a vital tooth. The morphology of th…