Study Notes

Anchorage in orthodontics refers to the resistance to unwanted tooth movement during orthodontic treatment. It is a critical concept that helps orthodontists achieve desired tooth movements while preventing adjacent teeth or the entire dental arch from shifting. Proper anchorage is essential for effective treatment planning and execution, especially in complex cases where multiple teeth need to be moved simultaneously. Types of Anchorage Absolute A…

Primary site of LA action: Amygdala (limbic system). pKa of lignocaine: 7.8. Pregnancy supine hypotension: Due to IVC compression. Pregnant patient position: Left lateral decubitus. Corticosteroids in pregnancy: FDA Category C. Ketamine action site: Thalamocortical junction. Atracurium & cisatracurium metabolism: Hoffman elimination. Neuralgia treatment: Carbamazepine arrests Na⁺ channels in inactive state.…

Acyl-CoA Synthases (Thiokinases), associated with endoplasmic reticulum membranes and the outer mitochondrial membrane, catalyze activation of long chain fatty acids, esterifying them to coenzyme A, as shown at right. This process is ATP-dependent, and occurs in 2 steps. There are different Acyl-CoA Synthases for fatty acids of different chain lengths.  Exergonic hydrolysis of PPi (P~P), catalyzed by Pyrophosphatase, makes the coupled reaction spontaneous. O…

Spinal Anesthesia A. Anatomy Spinal anesthesia targets the spinal cord, which arises from the foramen magnum and extends to the conus medullaris, typically ending around the third lumbar vertebrae (L3) in adults. The spinal column is protected by three layers: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The subarachnoid space, where the spinal anesthetic is administered, contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), spinal nerves, and the arachnoid and pia…

Proteins are complex macromolecules composed of amino acids that perform diverse biological functions. Understanding their structure-function relationships is crucial for medical applications and biochemistry. Levels of Protein Structure Primary Structure Linear sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds Determines all higher levels of organization Coded by DNA sequence Secondary Structure Local folding patterns stabilized by hydrogen bo…