Study Notes

Angiotensin It is generated in the plasma from a precursor plasma globulin. It is involved in the electrolyte balance, plasma volume and B.P Angiotensin I: Renin is an enzyme produced by the kidney in response to a number of factors including adrenergic activity (β1- receptor) and sodium depletion. Renin converts a circulating glycoprotein (angiotensinogen) into an inactive material angiotensin-I. It gets activation during passage through pulmonary cir…

Azithromycin Azithromycin is the first macrolide antibiotic belonging to the azalide group. Azithromycin is derived from erythromycin by adding a nitrogen atom into the lactone ring of erythromycin A, thus making lactone ring 15-membered. Azithromycin has similar antimicrobial spectrum as erythromycin, but is more effective against certain gram-negative bacteria, particularly Hemophilus influenzae. azithromycin is acid-stable and can therefore be taken oral…

🧪 Glomerular Hematuria Urine Finding Interpretation >20% Dysmorphic RBCs Suggests glomerular origin RBC casts Glomerular pathology Creatinine clearance Measures GFR 💧 Nephrotic Syndrome Edema cause: Hypoalbuminemia Commonest cause (adults): Diabetes mellitus Lipid profile: ↓ HDL cholesterol Minimal change disease: No change on light microscopy Membranoproliferative GN…

Respiration occurs in three steps : 1- Mechanical ventilation : inhaling and exhaling of air between lungs and atmosphere. 2- Gas exchange : between pulmonary alveoli and pulmonary capillaries. 3- Transport of gases from the lung to the peripheral tissues , and from the peripheral tissues back to blood . These steps are well regulated by neural and chemical regulation. Respiratory tract is subdivided into upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper resp…