Study Notes

Intramembranous ossification Flat bones develop in this way (bones of the skull) This type of bone development takes place in mesenchymal tissue Mesenchymal cells condense to form a primary ossification centre (blastema) Some of the condensed mesenchymal cells change to osteoprogenitor cells Osteoprogenitor cells change into osteoblasts which start to deposit bone As the osteoblasts deposit bone some of them become trapped in lacunae in the bone and …

Serum Proteins Proteins make up 6–8% of the blood. They are about equally divided between serum albumin and a great variety of serum globulins. After blood is withdrawn from a vein and allowed to clot, the clot slowly shrinks. As it does so, a clear fluid called serum is squeezed out. Thus: Serum is blood plasma without fibrinogen and other clotting factors. The serum proteins can be separated by electrophoresis. The most prominent of these a…

Immunoglobulins. (Ig)  These are made up of polypeptide chains. Each molecule is constituted by two heavy and two light chains, linked by disulfide (S-S) bonds. The h~ chains are of 5 types, with corresponding, types or  immunoglobulin. IgG (gamma), IgM (mu µ ), IgA(alpha α), IgD(delta ), IgE(epsilon) Each of these can have light chains of either kappa (k) or lambda type.Each chain has a constant portion (constant for the subtyp…

Coronoid Fracture A coronoid fracture is a relatively rare type of fracture that involves the coronoid process of the mandible, which is the bony projection on the upper part of the ramus of the mandible where the temporalis muscle attaches. This fracture is often associated with specific mechanisms of injury and can have implications for jaw function and treatment. Mechanism of Injury Reflex Muscular Contraction: The primary mechanism …