Study Notes

Portal hypertension  It is elevation of the portal venous pressure (normal 7 m.m Hg).   Causes:-  1- Presinusoidal      2- Sinusoidal          3- Postsinusoidal   Presinusoidal:-    a. Massive splenomegaly and increased splenic blood flow.   b. Portal vein obstruction by thrombosis or outside pressure.   c. Portal venular obstruction at the portal tracts e.g. by fibros…

Membrane Structure & Function Cell Membranes Cell membranes are phospholipid bilayers (2 layers) Bilayer forms a barrier to passage of molecules in an out of cell Phospholipids = glycerol + 2 fatty acids + polar molecule (i.e., choline) + phosphate Cholesterol (another lipid) stabilizes cell membranes the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids (fatty acids) are together in the center of the bilayer. This keeps them out of the water Membran…

Normal Chemical Composition of Urine Urine is an aqueous solution of greater than 95% water, with a minimum of these remaining constituents, in order of decreasing concentration: Urea 9.3 g/L. Chloride 1.87 g/L. Sodium 1.17 g/L. Potassium 0.750 g/L. Creatinine 0.670 g/L . Other dissolved ions, inorganic and organic compounds (proteins, hormones, metabolites). Urine is sterile until it reaches the urethra, where epithelial cells lining the ure…

Hepatic failure  Etiology. Chronic hepatic disease (e.g., chronic active hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis) is the most common cause of hepatic failure although acute liver disease may also be responsible. - Widespread liver necrosis may be seen with carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen toxicity. Widespread steatosis is seen in Reye's syndrome, a cause of acute liver failure most often seen in children with a recent history of aspirin ingestion for an …

Contraindications and Limitations Gingivectomy Major Contraindication: When pocket bottom is apical to mucogingival junction Risk: Inadequate attached gingiva post-surgery Curettage Protocol Prerequisite: Should always be preceded by scaling and root planing Rationale: Reduce bacterial load before surgical intervention GTR (Guided Tissue Regeneration) Membrane Placement Technique Apical Extension: 3-4mm apical to defect margin Late…