Study Notes

Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers (Canker Sores) Overview of Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers (RAU) Definition: Recurrent aphthous ulcers, commonly known as canker sores, are painful ulcerations that occur on the unattached mucous membranes of the mouth. They are characterized by their recurrent nature and can significantly impact the quality of life for affected individuals. Demographics: RAU is most prevalent in sc…

 Ketogenic Only Amino Acid Leucine (L) Lysine (K)  Mnemonic: "LL is Keto" (Leucine, Lysine) Glucogenic Only Amino Acids Most others except those listed below as ketogenic or both Both Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acid Isoleucine (I) Phenylala…

COPPER The normal serum level of copper is 25 to 50 mg/dl. Functions of copper (a) Copper is necessary for iron absorption and incorporation of iron into hemoglobin. (b) It is very essential for tyrosinase activity (c) It is the co-factor for vitamin C requiring hydroxylation (d) Copper increases the level of high density lipo protein and protects the heart. Wilson’s disease In case of Wilson’s disease ceruloplasmin level in bloo…

Histopathological techniques Histopathological examination studies tissues under the microscope. During this study, the pathologist looks for abnormal structures in the tissue. Tissues for histopathological examination are obtained by biopsy. Biopsy is a tissue sample from a living person to identify the disease. Biopsy can be either incisional or excisional. Once the tissue is removed from the patient, it has to be immediately fixed by putting it into adequa…

Dental Formula, Dental Notation, Universal Numbering System A. Dental Formula. The dental formula expresses the type and number of teeth per side The Universal Numbering System. The rules are as follows: 1. Permanent teeth are designated by number, beginning with the last tooth on the upper right side, going on to the last tooth on the left side, then lower left to lower right 2. Deciduous teeth are designated by letter, beginning with the last tooth on…