Study Notes

DOPAMINE It is an immediate metabolic precursor of noradrenaline. It activates D1 receptors in several vascular beds, which causes vasodilatation. It acts on dopaminergic and other adrenergic receptors (α & β1). Adverse effects of dopamine include nausea, vomiting, ectopic beats, anginal pain, tachycardia, palpitation and widened QRS. Contraindications are atrial or ventricular tachyarrhythmias, hyperthyroidism and pheochromocytoma.…

Bronchiectasis  - Bronchiectasis is abnormal and irreversible dilatation of the bronchi and bronchioles (greater than 2 mm in diameter) secondary to inflammatory weakening of bronchial wall. - Occur in childhood and early adult life - Persistent cough with copious amount of foul smelling purulent sputum Aetiopathogenesis Bronchial wall destruction is due to: - Endobronchial obstruction due to foreign body - Infection due to local obstruction or impaire…

Bacteria adhere to acquired pellicle Coaggregation enables biofilm complexity Sucrose → lactic acid → pH drops → Hydroxyapatite dissolves Key Enzymes Recap: Invertase → splits sucrose GTF → forms sticky glucans for adhesion FTF → synthesizes fructans for biofilm scaffolding…