Study Notes

Radiation Biology -X- and g -rays are called sparsely ionizing because along the tracks of the electrons set in motion, primary ionizing events are well separated in space. Alpha-particles and neutrons are densely ionizing because the tracks consist of dense columns of ionization. X-rays, gamma rays, electrons, and protons are all low LET forms of radiation in that their density of ionization is sparse. In general, they penetrate tissues deeply and result i…

4.    Emphysema 1. Permanent enlargement of airways with distension of alveolar walls       Thickened Bronchial Submucosa, Edema & Cellular Infiltration (loss of elasticity), Dilation of Air spaces, due to destruction of alveolar walls (Air trapped by obstruction) 2.    Lower Respiratory tree destruction     Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, & Alveolar sacs Types of Emphysema…

Hydrocortisone injection: Mixed with 2% lignocaine for joint inflammation GA contraindications: Hemoglobinopathies, severe hematologic disorders Non – depolarizing relaxants: Reversed by neostigmine + atropine Succinylcholine: Depolarizing muscle relaxant Inferior turbinectomy: Done when maxilla is >6 mm superiorly positioned…

Laxatives and cathartics (purgatives) Constipation is a common problem in older adults and laxatives are often used or overused. Non drug measures to prevent constipation (e.g. increasing intake of fluid and high–fiber foods, exercise) are much preferred to laxatives. Laxatives and cathartics are drugs used orally to evacuate the bowels or to promote bowel elimination (defecation). Both terms are used interchangeably because it is the dose that determine…