Study Notes

Muscles of the Tongue The tongue is divided into halves by a medial fibrous lingual septum that lies deep to the medial groove. In each half of the tongue there are four extrinsic and four intrinsic muscles. The lingual muscles are all supplied by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). The only exception is palatoglossus, which is supplied by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve, via the pharyngeal plexus.   Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongu…

Aquaretics An aquaretic is a class of drug that is used to promote aquaresis, the excretion of water without electrolyte loss. Lithium, demeclocycline Mechanism of Action 1.    Block ADH action on distal tubule and collecting duct. Blocking ADH decreases H2O permeability. H2O is not recovered (distal tubule) using osmotic draw of counter-current multiplier so aquaretics reduce water reabsorption (tubule to blood stream).  2. &nbsp…

Nevus A nevus refers to any congenital lesion of the skin, while a nevocellular nevus specifically refers to a benign tumor of neural crest-derived cells that include modified melanocytes of various shapes (nevus cells).  - nevocellular nevi are generally tan to deep brown, uniformly pigmented, small papules with well-defined, rounded borders.  - most nevocellular nevi are subdivided into junctional, intradermal, or compound types.  - most nevoc…

DYSPLASIA  It is disturbed growth or  cells in regard to their size, shape arrangement. In its mild degrees it represents a reversible reaction to chronic inflammation whereas the most severe degrees warrant a labelling of intraepithelial neoplasia. Hence it includes a wide spectrum of changes ranging from a reversible disorientation to 'carcinoma-in-situ'. Histologically it is characterized by: o    Basal cell hyperplasia. o…

Third Generation Cephalosporins  Prototype drugs are CEFOTAXIME (IV) and CEFIXIME (oral). CEFTAZIDIME (for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.). Further expansion of Gm negative spectrum to include hard to treat organisms such as Enterobacter, Serratia, and Pseudomonas.  In addition to better Gm negative spectrum, this group has improved pharmacokinetic properties (longer half-lives) that allow once daily dosing with some agents. In general, activity toward Gm …