The Soft Palate

• This is the posterior curtain-like part, and has no bony support. It does, however, contain a membranous aponeurosis.
• The soft palate, or velum palatinum (L. velum, veil), is a movable, fibromuscular fold that is attached to the posterior edge of the hard palate.
• It extends posteroinferiorly to a curved free margin from which hangs a conical process, the uvula (L. uva, grape).

• The soft palate separates the nasopharynx superiorly and the oropharynx inferiorly.

• During swallowing the soft palate moves posteriorly against the wall of the pharynx, preventing the regurgitation of food into the nasal cavity.

• Laterally, the soft palate is continuous with the wall of the pharynx and is joined to the tongue and pharynx by the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds.

• The soft palate is strengthened by the palatine aponeurosis, formed by the expanded tendon of the tensor veli palatini muscle.
• This aponeurosis attaches to the posterior margin of the hard palate.

Eye 

At week 4, two depressions are evident on each of the forebrain hemispheres.  As the anterior neural fold closes, the optic pits elongate to form the optic vesicles.  The optic vesicles remain connected to the forebrain by optic stalks. 
The invagination of the optic vesicles forms a bilayered optic cup.  The bilayered cup becomes the dual layered retina (neural and pigmented layer)
Surface ectoderm forms the lens placode, which invaginates with the optic cup.
The optic stalk is deficient ventrally to contain choroids fissure to allow blood vessels into the eye (hyaloid artery).  The artery feeds the growing lens, but will its distal portion will eventually degenerate such that the adult lens receives no hyaloid vasculature.
At the 7th week, the choroids fissure closes and walls fuse as the retinal nerve get bigger.
The anterior rim of the optic vesicles forms the retina and iris.  The iris is an outgrowth of the distal edge of the retina.
Optic vesicles induces/maintains the development of the lens vesicle, which forms the definitive lens.  Following separation of the lens vesicle from the surface ectoderm, the cornea develops in the anterior 1/5th of the eye.
The lens and retina are surrounded by mesenchyme which forms a tough connective tissue, the sclera, that is continuous with the dura mater around the optic nerve.  
Iridopupillary membrane forms to separate the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye.  The membrane breaks down to allow for the pupil
Mesenchyme surrounding the forming eye forms musculature (ciliary muscles and pupillary muscles – from somitomeres 1 and 2; innervated by CN III), supportive connective tissue elements and vasculature.

Eyelids

Formed by an outgrowth of ectoderm that is fused at its midline in the 2nd trimester, but later reopen.

The Skeleton of the Nose

• The immovable bridge of the nose, the superior bony part of the nose, consists of the nasal bones, the frontal processes of the maxillae, and the nasal part of the frontal bones.

• The movable cartilaginous part consists of five main cartilages and a few smaller ones.
• The U-shaped alar nasal cartilages are free and movable.
• They dilate and constrict the external nares when the muscles acting on the external nose contract.

The Nasal Cavities

• The nasal cavities are entered through the anterior nares or nostrils.
• They open into the nasopharynx through the choanae.

The Roof and Floor of the Nasal Cavity

• The roof is curved and narrow, except at the posterior end.

• The floor is wider than the roof.
• It is formed from the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone.

The Walls of the Nasal Cavity

• The medial wall is formed by the nasal septum; it is usually smooth.

• The lateral wall is uneven owing to the three longitudinal, scroll-shaped elevations, called the conchae (L. shells) or turbinates (L. shaped like a top).
• These elevations are called the superior, middle and inferior conchae according to their position.

• The superior and middle conchae are parts of the ethmoid bone, whereas the inferior conchae are separate bones.

• The inferior and middle conchae project medially and inferiorly, producing air passageways called the inferior and middle meatus (L. passage). Note: the plural of "meatus" is the same as the singular.
• The short superior conchae conceal the superior meatus.
• The space posterosuperior to the superior concha is called the sphenoethmoidal recess.

Classified on functional Basis

Secretion ,Protection and waterproofing, Absorbtion, Transport, Sensory

Secretion

Glandular epithelium’s 3 types:

- Exocrine - with ducts

- endocrine - without ducts

- mixed exo-endocrine

Exocrine glands: One cell

- goblet cells

- In lining epitheliums of respiratory tract and GIT

- Secretes musin (protein) Musin + water = mucus, Mucus is a lubricant

More than one cell

 Simple:  Has a single duct,

• Acinar - mucus glands of the penile urethra
• Tubular - cripts of Lieberkuhn
• Coiled tubular - sweat gland
• Spiral tubular - Gland of Moll
• Branched tubular - mucous glands of the pyloric region
• Branched acinar - sebaceous gland in the skin

Compound

• Consists of a branched duct with numerous secretory end organs
• Compound tubular - Brünners glands
• Compound alveolar - mammary, prostate, pancreas, parotid
• Compound tubuloalveolar - submandibular-, sublingual salivary glands

Endocrine glands

Secrete directly into the blood

One cell :  mast cells,  in soft CT,  near capillaries,

secrete - heparin - histamine

More than one cell

Cells can be arranged in the following ways:

• Cords - adrenal glands, parathyroid, anterior pituitary
• anastomosing cords with dilated blood capillaries in-between
• Isles - pancreas
• Follicles - thyroid
• cells line a follicle filled with non-cellular material

Hip

Constitutes the pelvic girdle
United with the vertebral column
Union of three parts that is marked by a cup shaped cavity (acetabulum) Ilium
•    Prominence of the hip
•    Superior border is the crest
•    Anterosuperior spine-projection at the anterior tip of the crest
•    Corresponding projections on the posterior part are the posterosuperior and posteroinferior iliac spines
•    Greater sciatic notch-located beneath the posterior part
•    Most is a smooth concavity (iliac fossa)
•    Posteriorly it is rough and articulates with the sacrum in the formation of the sacroiliac joint

Pubic bone

Anterior part of the innominate bone
Symphysis pubic-joining of the two pubic bones at the midline
Body and two rami 
•    Body forms one fifth of the acetabulum
•    Superior ramis extends from the body to the median plane: superior border forms the pubic crest
•    Inferior ramus extends downward and meets with the ischium
•    Pubic arch is formed by the inferior rami of both pubic hones

Ischium
    Forms the lower and back part of the innominate bone
    Body
•    Forms two fifths of the accrabulum
•    Ischial tuberosiry-supports the body in a sitting position
•    Ramus-passes upward to join the inferior ramus of rhe pubis; known as rhe obturator foramen

Pelvis

Fanned by the right and left hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx

Greater pelvis

o    Bounded by the ilia and lower lumbar vertebrae
o    Gives support to the abdominal viscera

Lesser pelvis

o    Brim of the pelvis corresponds to the sacral promontory
o    Inferior outlet is bounded by the tip of the coccyx, ischial tuberosities, and inferior rami of the pubic bones

Female pelvis

o    Shows adaptations related to functions as a birth canal Wide outlet
o    Angle of the pubic arch is obtuse

Male pelvis

o    Shows adaptations that contribute to power and speed
o    Heart-shaped outlet
o    Angle of the pubic arch is acute

Thigh

Femur-longest and strongest bone of the body
Proximal end has a rounded head that articulates with the acetabulum
Constricted portion-the neck
Greater and lesser trochanters
Slightly arched shaft; is concave posteriorly
o    Linea aspera-strengthened by this prominent ridge
o    Site of attachment for several muscles
Distal end has two condyles separated on the posterior side by the intercondyloid notch

Knee cap

Patella-sesamoid bone
Embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
Articulates with the femur

Leg

Tibia-medial bone
o    Proximal end has two condyles that articulate with the femur
o    Triangular shaft

    Anterior-shin
    Posterior-soleal line
    Distal-medial malleolus that articulates with the latus to form the ankle joint
Fibula-lateral bone
o    Articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia but does not enter the knee joint
o    Distal end projects as the lateral malleolus

Ankle, foot, and toes

Adapted for supporting weight but similar in structure to the hand

Talus

o    Occupies the uppennost and central position in the tarsus
o    Distributes the body weight from the tibia above to the other tarsal bones
Calcaneus (heel)-Iocated beneath the talus
Navicular-located in front of the talus on the medial side; articulates with three cuneifonn bones distally
Cuboid-lies along the lateral border of the navicular bone

Metatarsals
o    First, second, and third p1etatarsals lie in front of the three cuneifonn bones
o    (2) Fourth and fifth metatarsals lie in front of the cuboid bone

Phalanges

o    Distal to the metatarsals
o    (2) Two in the great toe; three in each of the other four toes .

Longitudinal arches in the foot (2)

o    Lateral-fonned by the calcaneus, talus, cuboid, and fourth and fifth metatarsal bones
o    Medial-fonned by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneifonn, and first, second, and third metatarsal bones

Transverse arches-formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bones