NEET MDS Lessons
Anatomy
The Temporomandibular Joint
- This articulation is a modified hinge type of synovial joint.
- The articular surfaces are: (1) the head or condyle of the mandible inferiorly and (2) the articular tubercle and the mandibular fossa of the squamous part of the temporal bone.
- An oval fibrocartilaginous articular disc divides the joint cavity into superior and inferior compartments. The disc is fused to the articular capsule surrounding the joint.
- The articular disc is more firmly bound to the mandible than to the temporal bone.
- Thus, when the head of the mandible slides anterior on the articular tubercle as the mouth is opened, the articular disc slides anteriorly against the posterior surface of the articular tubercle
The Muscles of Facial Expression
- These lie in the subcutaneous tissue and are attached to the skin of the face.
- They enable us to move our skin and change our facial expression. They produce their effects by pulling on the skin but do not move the facial skeleton.
- These muscles surround the facial orifices and act as sphincters and dilators.
- All facial muscles receive their innervation from the branches of the facial nerve (CN VII)-temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical.
- This is the posterior curtain-like part, and has no bony support. It does, however, contain a membranous aponeurosis.
- The soft palate, or velum palatinum (L. velum, veil), is a movable, fibromuscular fold that is attached to the posterior edge of the hard palate.
- It extends posteroinferiorly to a curved free margin from which hangs a conical process, the uvula (L. uva, grape).
- The soft palate separates the nasopharynx superiorly and the oropharynx inferiorly.
- During swallowing the soft palate moves posteriorly against the wall of the pharynx, preventing the regurgitation of food into the nasal cavity.
- Laterally, the soft palate is continuous with the wall of the pharynx and is joined to the tongue and pharynx by the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds.
- The soft palate is strengthened by the palatine aponeurosis, formed by the expanded tendon of the tensor veli palatini muscle.
- This aponeurosis attaches to the posterior margin of the hard palate.
|
Pharyngeal Arch |
Arch Artery |
Cranial Nerve |
Skeletal elements |
Muscles |
|
1 |
Terminal Branch of maxillary artery |
Maxillary and mandibular division of trigemenial (V) |
Derived from arch cartilages (originating from neural crest): From maxillary cartilages: Alispenoid, incus From mandibular: Mackel’s cartilage, malleus
Upper portion of external ear (auricle) is derived from dorsal aspect of 1st pharyngeal arch.
Derived by direct ossification from arch dermal mesenchyme: Maxilla, zygomatic, squamous portion of temporal bone, mandible
|
Muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, and pterygoids), mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini (originate from cranial somitomere 4) |
|
2 |
Stapedius artery (embryologic) and cortiotympanic artery (adult) |
Facial nerve (VII) |
Stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horns and upper rim of hyoid (derived from the second arch cartilage; originate from neural crest).
Lower portion of external ear (auricle) is derived from 2nd pharyngeal arch. |
Muscles of facial expression (orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, auricularis, platysma, fronto-ooccipitalis, buccinator), posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius (originate from cranial somitomere 6) |
|
3 |
Common carotid artery, most of internal carotid |
Glossopharyngeal (IX) |
Lower rim and greater horn of hyoid (derived from the third arch cartilage; originate from neural crest cells) |
Sytlopharyngeus (originate from cranial somitomere 7) |
|
4 |
Left: Arch of aorta; Right: Right subclavian artery; Original sprouts of pulmonary arteries |
Superior laryngeal branch of vagus (X) |
Laryngeal cartilages (Derived from the 4th arch cartilage, originate from lateral plate mesoderm) |
Constrictors of pharynx, cricothyroid, levator veli palatine (originate from occipital somites 2-4) |
|
6 |
Ductus arteriosus; roots of definitive pulmonary arteries |
Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus (X) |
Laryngeal cartilages (derived from the 6th-arch cartilage; originate from lateral plate mesoderm) |
Intrinsic muscles of larynx (originate from occipital somites 1 and 2) |
The Inferior Wall of the Orbit
- The thin inferior wall of the orbit or the floor is formed mainly by the orbital surface of the maxilla and partly by the zygomatic bone, and orbital process of the palatine bone.
- The floor of the orbit forms the roof of the maxillary sinus.
- The floor is partly separated from the lateral wall of the orbit by the inferior orbital fissure.
-
BONES OF THE CRANIUM
Occipital (1)
Frontal (1)
Sphenoid (1)
Ethmoid (1)
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
BONES OF THE FACE
Mandible (1)
Vomer (1)
Maxillae (2)
Zygomae (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Nasal (2)
Inferior nasal conchae (2)
Palatine (2)
The Arteries of the Face
- The superficial arteries are derived from the external carotid arteries.
The Facial Artery
- This is the chief artery of the face.
- It arises from the external carotid artery and winds its way to the inferior border of the mandible, just anterior to the masseter muscle.
- It hooks around the inferior border of the mandible and grooves the bone. Here the artery is superficial, just beneath the platysma and its pulsation can be felt.
- In its course over the face to the medial angle of the eye, the facial artery crosses the mandible, buccinator muscle, and maxilla.
- It lies deep to the zygomaticus major.
- The facial artery ends by sending branches to the lip and side of the nose.
- The part of the artery that runs along the side of the nose to supply the eyelids is called the angular artery.
The Superficial Temporal Artery
- This artery is the smaller of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery (the other is the maxillary artery).
- It begins deep to the parotid gland, posterior to the neck of the mandible, and ascends superficial to the posterior end of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. It then enters the temporal fossa.
- The superficial temporal artery ends in the scalp by dividing into the frontal and parietal branches.
- Pulsation of this artery can be felt by compressing the root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.
The Transverse Facial Artery
- This small artery arises from the superficial temporal artery before it emerges from the parotid gland.
- It crosses the face superficial to the masseter muscle, about a fingerbreadth inferior to the zygomatic arch.
- It divides into numerous branches that supply the parotid gland and duct, the masseter muscle, and the skin of the face.
- It anastomoses with branches of the facial artery.