THE DECIDUOUS DENTITION

I. The Deciduous Dentition

-It is also known as the primary, baby, milk or lacteal dentition.

diphyodont, that is, with two sets of teeth. The term deciduous means literally 'to fall off.'

  There are twenty deciduous teeth that are classified into three classes. There are ten maxillary teeth and ten mandibular teeth. The dentition consists of incisors, canines and molars.

Maxillary Second Deciduous Molar.

-The notation is A or J.

-It looks like a first permanent molar

-There are three roots.

-Usually it has four well developed cusps.

-It is somwhat rhomboidal in outline.

-They often have the Carabelli trait.

- the shape the maxillary first permanent molar strongly resembles that of the adjacent deciduous second molar.

MANDIBULAR FIRST MOLAR

It is the first permanent tooth to erupt.

Facial Surface:- The lower first permanent molar has the widest mesiodistal diameter of all of the molar teeth. Three cusps cusps separated by developmental grooves make on the occlusal outline The mesiobuccal cusp is usually the widest of the cusps. The mesiobuccal cusp is generally considered the largest of the five cusps. The distal root is usually less curved than the mesial root.

Lingual: Three cusps make up the occlusal profile in this view: the mesiolingual, the distolingual, and the distal cusp which is somewhat lower in profile. The mesiobuccal cusp is usually the widest and highest of the three. A short lingual developmental groove separates the two lingual cusps

Proximal: The distinctive height of curvature seen in the cervical third of the buccal surface is called the cervical ridge. The mesial surface may be flat or concave in its cervical third . It is highly convex in its middle and occlusal thirds. The occlusal profile is marked by the mesiobuccal cusp, mesiolingual cusp, and the mesial marginal ridge that connects them. The mesial root is the broadest buccolingually of any of the lower molar roots. The distal surface of the crown is narrower buccolingually than the mesial surface. Three cusps are seen from the distal aspect: the distobuccal cusp, the distal cusp, and the distolingual cusp.

Occlusal There are five cusps. Of them, the mesiobuccal cusp is the largest, the distal cusp is the smallest. The two buccal grooves and the single lingual groove form the "Y" patern distinctive for this tooth

Roots :-The tooth has two roots, a mesial and a distal.

Contact Points; The mesial contact is centered buccolingually just below the marginal ridge. The distal contact is centered over the distal root, but is buccal to the center point of the distal marginal ridge.

Roots: Lower molars have mesial and distal roots. In the first, molar, the mesial root is the largest. It has a distal curvature. The distal root has little curvature and projects distally.

The periodontium, which is the supporting structure of a tooth, consists of the cementum, periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and alveolar bone. Cementum is the only one of these that is a part of a tooth. Alveolar bone surrounds the roots of teeth to provide support and creates what is commonly called a "socket". Periodontal ligaments connect the alveolar bone to the cementum, and the gingiva is the surrounding tissue visible in the mouth.

Periodontal ligaments

Histology of the Periodontal Ligament (PDL)

Embryogenesis of the periodontal ligament
The PDL forms from the dental follicle shortly after root development begins
The periodontal ligament is characterized by connective tissue. The thinnest portion is at the middle third of the root. Its width decreases with age. It is a tissue with a high turnover rate.

Permanent teeth

1. The permanent teeth begin formation between birth and 3 years of age (except for the third molars)

2. The crowns of permanent teeth are completed between 4 and 8 years of age, at approximately one- half the age of eruption

The sequence for permanent development

Maxillary                     

First molar → Central incisor → Lateral incisor → First premotar → Second pmmolar  → Canine → Second molar → Third molar

Mandibular

First molar → Central incisor → Lateral incisor → Canine → First premolar → Second premolar → Second molar → Third molar

Permanent teeth emerge into the oral cavity as

                                      Maxillary                       Mandibular

Central incisor               7-8 years                        6-7 years

Lateral incisor                8-9 years                        7-8 years

Canine                           11-12 years                    9-10 years

First premolar                10-Il years                      10-12 years

Second premolar            10-12 years                  11-12 years

First molar                       6-7 years                      6-7 years

Second molar                 12-13 years                    11-13 years

Third molar                      17-21 years                    17-21 years

The roots of the permanent teeth are completed between 10 and 16 years of age, 2 to 3 years after eruption

The mixed dentition

I. Transition dentition between 6 and 12 years of age with primary tooth exfoliation and permanent tooth eruption

2. Its characteristic features have led this to be called the ugly duckling stage because of

a. Edentulated areas

b. Disproportionately sized teeth

c. Various clinical crown heights

d. Crowding

e. Enlarged and edematous gingiva

f. Different tooth colors