• Pemphigus → Granular IgG intercellular
• Lichen Planus → Linear anti-fibrinogen at BM, with lamina propria extensions
• Cicatricial Pemphigoid → Patchy linear IgG/C3 at BM
• Bullous Pemphigoid → Patchy linear IgG at BMZ
• Erythema Multiforme → Patchy linear fluorescence
• Discoid Lupus (Lesional mucosa) → Speckled pattern (IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, fibrinogen)

• Café au Lait Spots:

  • "Coast of California": Associated with Neurofibromatosis (Type 1).

  • "Coast of Maine": Associated with Fibrous Dysplasia.

• Carpet Tack Lesions: Characteristic of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus.

• Cerebriform Tongue: Seen in Pemphigus Vegetans.

• Charcot's Triad: Seen in Multiple Sclerosis, characterized by:

  • Intention tremor

  • Nystagmus

  • Dysarthria

• Chipmunk Facies: Seen in Thalassemia.

• Chvostek's Sign: Indicative of Hypoparathyroidism (facial muscle twitching upon tapping the facial nerve).

• Buffalo Hump: A characteristic clinical sign of Cushing's Syndrome (fat pad on the upper back).

• Inverted Pear-shaped Radiolucency: Globulomaxillary cyst.

  • Associated teeth need not be non-vital.

  • Klestadts’s cyst: Soft tissue variant of Globulomaxillary cyst.

• Tear Drop-shaped Radiolucency: Lateral Periodontal Cyst.

  • Associated teeth are vital.

• Cluster of Similar Cysts / Cluster of Grapes: Botryoid Odontogenic Cyst.

• Actinomycosis (Sulfur Granules):

  • Yellow sulfur granules: Are actually bacterial colonies.

  • Histopathology: Colonies appear "cotton wool" shaped. (Note: "Cotton wool appearance" is seen radiographically in Paget's disease).

• Tuberculosis (TB):

  • Diagnosis (Gold Standard): Presence of acid-fast bacilli in sputum.

  • Staining Method: Ziehl-Neelsen staining method is used to identify acid-fast bacilli.

  • Scrofula: TB of cervical lymph nodes.

  • Lupus Vulgaris: TB of skin.

• Tongue & Gingival Appearance in Systemic Conditions:

  • Strawberry tongue and Raspberry tongue: Seen in stomatitis of Scarlet Fever.

  • Strawberry Gingivitis: Seen in Wegener's Granulomatosis.

Bacterial & Fungal Infections

Syphilis - Congenital

Hutchinson's Triad:

1. Mulberry molars & peg-shaped incisors
2. VIII nerve deafness
3. Interstitial keratitis

Higoumenaki Sign: Thickened sternoclavicular joint

Rhinoscleroma

• Also Called: Hebra nose

Sarcoidosis

• Diagnostic Test: Kveim–Siltzbach
• Histology: Schaumann bodies

Candidiasis

• Id Reaction: Hypersensitivity to Candida antigen
• Chairside Diagnosis: Wet smear in 10% KOH

Paget's Disease

• Chief Complaint: Denture tightening (due to arch expansion)
• Fractures: Chalk-stick fractures
• Facial Feature: Leontiasis ossea (lion-like facies)
• Radiology: Cotton wool appearance
• Histology: Jigsaw puzzle pattern
• Clinical: Bone warm to touch (↑ vascularity)
• Laboratory: ↑ Alkaline phosphatase (>250 Bodansky units)
• Other Signs: Osteoporosis circumscripta, platybasia
• Memory Aid: "Paget's Patients Prefer Tight Dentures"

Osteopetrosis

• Radiographic Sign: Rugger Jersey Spine (classic)
• Fractures: Chalk-stick fractures

Fibrous Dysplasia

• Facial Feature: Leontiasis ossea
• Histology: Chinese script pattern
• Radiology:
  • Ground glass appearance
  • Rind sign, orange peel appearance
• Bone Deformity: Hockey stick/Shepherd's crook deformity (femur)
• Key Feature: Lesional bone fused with normal bone (vs COF)
• Memory Aid: "Fibrous Faces Feel Funny"

Cemento-Ossifying Fibroma (COF)

• Histology: Chinese script pattern
• Facial Feature: Leontiasis ossea
• Difference: NOT fused with normal bone (vs Fibrous Dysplasia)

Hyperparathyroidism

• Radiology: Ground glass appearance (brown tumor)
• Histology: Numerous giant cells, vascular stroma, hemosiderin deposits

Cherubism & Central Giant Cell Granuloma

• Histology: Same as hyperparathyroidism (giant cells + vascular stroma + hemosiderin)
• Note: Cherubism previously called "Familial fibrous dysplasia"
• Memory Aid: "Giant Cells Have Three Homes" (Hyperparathyroidism, Cherubism, CGCG)

Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma

• Aggressiveness: More aggressive than Cemento-ossifying fibroma
• Types:
  • Trabecular type: Common in jaws
  • Psammomatoid type: Involves base of skull