ANUG symptoms: Metallic taste, Pasty saliva, Punched – out papilla

Red complex: Porphyromonas, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia

Drug enlargement: Phenytoin = Fibrotic, Cyclosporine = Vascular

Healing times: 2 – 7 (epithelialization), 21 (collagen), 1 week (flap attachment)

Bone graft memory: FDBA = Conductive, DFDBA = Inductive

COPD

• Reid's index: Used in chronic bronchitis
• Emphysema features: ↓DLCO, weight loss, pneumothorax risk
• Chronic bronchitis: Polycythemia
• GOLD criteria: COPD severity assessment
• BODE index: Lung transplant evaluation

Sleep Apnea

Definition: Breathing pause ≥10 seconds during sleep

ASTHMA

Diagnosis & Pathophysiology

• Best diagnostic test: Demonstration of reversible obstruction
• Small airways involved
• Idiosyncratic asthma: Normal IgE levels
• Aspirin-sensitive asthma: Associated with nasal polyps

Key Points

• Charcot-Leyden crystals: Eosinophil granules
• Nebulizer droplet size: <2.5 μm
• Most severe attack indicator: Bradycardia
• Montelukast: NOT useful in acute bronchial asthma

Smoking

• Pack years = Packs/day × Years of smoking

Diabetes

• Causes collagen cross – linking via AGEs formation

AIDS

• Most common oral lesion: Candidiasis
• Most common oral malignancy: Kaposi sarcoma

Alveolar Process

The alveolar process is a critical component of the dental anatomy, providing support for the teeth and playing a vital role in periodontal health. Understanding its structure and composition is essential for dental professionals in diagnosing and treating various dental conditions.

Components of the Alveolar Process

1. External Plate of Cortical Bone:

   • Description: The outer layer of the alveolar process is composed of cortical bone, which is dense and forms a protective outer shell.
   • Composition:
     • Formed by Haversian bone, which consists of organized structures called osteons.
     • Compacted bone lamellae contribute to the strength and stability of the alveolar process.

2. Alveolar Bone Proper:

   • Description: The inner socket wall of the alveolar process is known as the alveolar bone proper.
   • Radiographic Appearance:
     • It is seen as the lamina dura on radiographs, appearing as a radiopaque line surrounding the tooth roots.
   • Histological Features:
     • Contains a series of openings known as the cribriform plate.
     • These openings allow neurovascular bundles to connect the periodontal ligament with the central component of the alveolar bone, which is the cancellous bone.

3. Cancellous Bone:

   • Description: Located between the external cortical bone and the alveolar bone proper, cancellous bone consists of trabecular structures.
   • Function:
     • Acts as supporting alveolar bone, providing strength and flexibility to the alveolar process.
   • Interdental Septum:
     • The interdental septum consists of cancellous supporting bone enclosed within a compact border, providing stability between adjacent teeth.

Structural Characteristics

• Facial and Lingual Portions:
  • Most of the facial and lingual portions of the tooth socket are formed by compact bone alone, providing robust support for the teeth.
• Cancellous Bone Distribution:
  • Cancellous bone surrounds the lamina dura in specific areas:
    • Apical Areas: The region at the tip of the tooth root.
    • Apicolingual Areas: The area where the root meets the lingual surface.
    • Interradicular Areas: The space between the roots of multi-rooted teeth.

• Alpha Thalassemia: Caused by deletion of alpha genes
• HbH Disease: Deletion of 3 alpha chains

⚙️ Renal Disorders

• Acute Kidney Injury:
  • Pre-renal causes: Dehydration, blood loss
  • Post-renal: Obstruction (e.g., stones, tumors)
• Nephrotic Syndrome:
  • ↑ susceptibility to CAD
  • Hallmarks: Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia

🧪 Electrolytes & Acid-Base

• Hyperkalemia:
  • Side effect of: ACE inhibitors
  • ECG: Tall T waves, widened QRS
• Hyponatremia:
  • Watch for CNS symptoms
  • SIADH common cause in small cell lung CA

💉 Drugs & Renal Impact