NEET MDS Lessons
Pedodontics
Classifications of Intellectual Disability
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Intellectual Disability (General Definition)
- Description: Intellectual disability is characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. It originates before the age of 18.
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Classifications Based on IQ Scores:
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Idiot
- IQ Range: Less than 25
- Description: This classification indicates profound intellectual disability. Individuals in this category may have very limited ability to communicate and perform basic self-care tasks.
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Imbecile
- IQ Range: 25 to 50
- Description: This classification indicates severe intellectual disability. Individuals may have some ability to communicate and perform simple tasks but require significant support in daily living.
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Moron
- IQ Range: 50 to 70
- Description: This classification indicates mild intellectual disability. Individuals may have the ability to learn basic academic skills and can often live independently with some support. They may struggle with complex tasks and social interactions.
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Endodontic Filling Techniques
Endodontic filling techniques are essential for the successful treatment of root canal systems. Various methods have been developed to ensure that the canal is adequately filled with the appropriate material, providing a seal to prevent reinfection.
1. Endodontic Pressure Syringe
- Developed By: Greenberg; technique described by Speeding and Karakow in 1965.
- Features:
- Consists of a syringe barrel, threaded plunger, wrench, and threaded needle.
- The needle is placed 1 mm short of the apex.
- The technique involves a slow withdrawing motion, where the needle is withdrawn 3 mm with each quarter turn of the screw until the canal is visibly filled at the orifice.
2. Mechanical Syringe
- Proposed By: Greenberg in 1971.
- Features:
- Cement is loaded into the syringe using a 30-gauge needle, following the manufacturer's recommendations.
- The cement is expressed into the canal while applying continuous pressure and withdrawing the needle simultaneously.
3. Tuberculin Syringe
- Utilized By: Aylord and Johnson in 1987.
- Features:
- A standard 26-gauge, 3/8 inch needle is used for this technique.
- This method allows for precise delivery of filling material into the canal.
4. Jiffy Tubes
- Popularized By: Riffcin in 1980.
- Features:
- Material is expressed into the canal using slow finger pressure on the plunger until the canal is visibly filled at the orifice.
- This technique provides a simple and effective way to fill the canal.
5. Incremental Filling
- First Used By: Gould in 1972.
- Features:
- An endodontic plugger, corresponding to the size of the canal with a rubber stop, is used to place a thick mix of cement into the canal.
- The thick mix is prepared into a flame shape that corresponds to the size and shape of the canal and is gently tapped into the apical area with the plugger.
6. Lentulospiral Technique
- Advocated By: Kopel in 1970.
- Features:
- A lentulospiral is dipped into the filling material and introduced into the canal to its predetermined length.
- The lentulospiral is rotated within the canal, and additional paste is added until the canal is filled.
7. Other Techniques
- Amalgam Plugger:
- Introduced by Nosonwitz (1960) and King (1984) for filling canals.
- Paper Points:
- Utilized by Spedding (1973) for drying and filling canals.
- Plugging Action with Wet Cotton Pellet:
- Proposed by Donnenberg (1974) as a method to aid in the filling process.