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Gastrin is the major hormone that stimulates the gastric phase of gastric secretion. It is released from G cells in the antral mucosa in response to food in the stomach, particularly proteins and amino acids, and to a lesser extent, to the presence of acid. Gastrin stimulates the parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the gastric phase of gastric secretion?
1) Secretin
2) Gastrin
3) Cholecystokinin
4) GIP
E) VIP
The active coenzyme form of thiamine is:
1). Pyridoxal phosphate
2). TPP
3). FMN
4). THF
The capsule is relatively loose anteriorly, where the lateral pterygoid fibers insert. This laxity allows forward translation of the condyle-disc complex.
The capsular ligament of TMJ is lax in which part to allow translation?
1) Medial
2) Lateral
3) Anterior
4) Posterior
What is the role of the acrosome in sperm?
1) Provides energy for sperm motility
2) Contains enzymes that help in the penetration of the ovum
3) Protects the sperm DNA
4) Involved in the fertilization process by fusing with the egg membrane
Correct answer: 4) Emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
What is a major consequence of overusing antibiotics in clinical practice?
1) Enhanced effectiveness of antibiotics
2) Increased patient compliance with treatment
3) Reduced bacterial growth in non-target areas
4) Emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Antigenic variation involves alteration of surface antigens, allowing pathogens to escape recognition by antibodies and immune memory. Examples include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trypanosoma brucei, and influenza viruses.
How does antigenic variation help pathogens evade host immune responses?
1) By changing their surface proteins to avoid immune detection
2) By increasing their rate of replication
3) By secreting enzymes that degrade host antibodies
4) By forming resistant spores
In the context of autoimmune diseases, which autoantibody is primarily associated with rheumatoid arthritis?
1) Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody
2) Anti-double stranded DNA antibody
3) Anti-histone antibody
4) Rheumatoid factor
Beclard's triangle is bounded by the posterior border of hyoglossus, the greater cornu of the hyoid, and the posterior belly of digastric. It is a landmark for the lingual artery.
Beclard's triangle is bounded by:
1) Posterior border of hyoglossus, greater cornu of hyoid, posterior belly digastric
2) SCM and trapezius
3) Omohyoid and digastric
4) Mandible and mylohyoid
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