130+ quick-fire dental facts • tap a card to flip
Glimepiride is a sulfonylurea medication that stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells by closing ATP-sensitive potassium channels and causing depolarization, leading to calcium influx and insulin release.
A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus is prescribed glimepiride. What is the primary mechanism of action of glimepiride?
(1) Stimulation of insulin secretion
(2) Inhibition of insulin secretion
(3) Increased peripheral glucose utilization
(4) Inhibition of gluconeogenesis
Chronic glucocorticoid therapy can lead to a condition known as Cushing's syndrome, which includes various endocrine and metabolic disturbances. One of the common complications is hypercalcemia due to increased bone resorption and impaired calcium excretion in the kidneys. Additionally, glucocorticoids can cause a mild increase in serum phosphorus levels, leading to hyperphosphatemia in some cases.
Which of the following is a potential complication of chronic glucocorticoid therapy?
(1) Hypocalcemia
(2) Hypercalcemia
(3) Hyponatremia
(4) Hypokalemia
Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. These antibodies can bind to phospholipids in cell membranes, leading to a prothrombotic state and an increased risk of thrombosis. The exact mechanism by which these antibodies induce thrombosis is complex and may involve interference with anticoagulant proteins like protein C and protein S, as well as platelet activation and endothelial damage. However, the primary mechanism is the presence of these autoantibodies.
What is the primary mechanism of action of antiphospholipid syndrome in promoting thrombosis?
1) Inhibition of protein C and protein S
2) Activation of platelets
3) Enhancement of fibrinolysis
4) Induction of antibodies against phospholipids
PTHrP is a protein that is structurally similar to parathyroid hormone (PTH) but is produced by some tumor cells. It acts on the PTH receptor, leading to increased calcium levels in the blood, similar to PTH. HHM is most often associated with overproduction of PTHrP by tumors, causing hypercalcemia without the typical elevation in PTH levels seen in primary hyperparathyroidism.
In humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM), what is the most common overproduced substance leading to hypercalcemia?
(1) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
(2) Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)
(3) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D)
(4) Calcitonin
In early Huntington's disease, common behavioral symptoms include depression, apathy, irritability, and social withdrawal. Hyperactivity is not a typical early symptom; rather, the disease is more associated with a decline in motor function and increased involuntary movements (chorea).
Which of the following is NOT a common behavioral symptom in early Huntington's disease?
(1) Depression
(2) Apathy
(3) Hyperactivity
(4) Social withdrawal
Long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy is commonly used in COPD management to reduce inflammation and exacerbations. Common side effects include oral thrush, pneumonia due to immunocompromise, and osteoporosis due to steroid-induced bone loss. Tachycardia is not a typical side effect of inhaled corticosteroids.
In a patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which of the following is NOT a common side effect of long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy?
1) Oral thrush
2) Pneumonia
3) Osteoporosis
4) Tachycardia
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