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Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are used in the treatment of:
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( philadelphia chromosome positive cases )
Head and neck malignancies
Non small cell carcinoma lung
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours
Hepatocellular cancer
Renal cell carcinoma
Pancreatic cancer
Colorectal cancer
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are useful in the management of ?
1) Acute myeloid leukemia
2) Small cell carcinoma of lung
3) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors
4) Neurofibromatosis
Cephalosporins can cause allergic reactions in people with penicillin allergy. The overall rate of allergy to cephalosporins in people with penicillin allergy is approximately 5 to 10%, although rates may be higher for certain people. Allergic reactions to cephalosporins can be severe and even lifethreatening;
it is generally recommended that those allergic to penicillin avoid cephalosporins all together.
Which of the following antibiotics shows an incidence of approximately 8% cross-allergencity with penicillins?
1) Bacitracin
2) Erythromycin
3) Cephalexin
4) Vancomycin
HIV protease inhibitors, such as ritonavir, lopinavir, and atazanavir, inhibit the viral protease enzyme responsible for cleaving viral polyproteins into functional proteins. Without this processing step, newly formed HIV particles remain immature and non-infectious, thereby reducing viral replication and disease progression.
What is the primary role of protease inhibitors in the treatment of HIV?
1). They block reverse transcriptase function
2). They inhibit viral protease, preventing the cleavage of viral polyproteins necessary for viral maturation
3). They inhibit viral entry into the host cells
4). They directly bind to viral RNA, preventing replication
Corticosteroids suppress inflammation by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes while reducing activation and migration of immune cells. Although they do not provide immediate relief, they are effective in preventing prolonged and late-phase allergic inflammation.
How do corticosteroids help manage severe allergic reactions?
1). By inhibiting histamine release from mast cells
2). By blocking H1 receptors in the immune system
3). By increasing leukotriene production
4). By reducing inflammation through inhibition of cytokine production and immune cell activation
Beta-blockers, such as propranolol, labetalol, and pindolol, can have membrane stabilizing effects (eg, quinidinelike effects, Vaughan-Williams class I antiarrhythmic effects). This property, usually not evident with therapeutic doses, may significantly contribute to toxicity by prolonging QRS duration and impairing cardiac conduction. Seizures are more commonly observed in the drugs with quinidinelike membrane stabilizing effects.
Nonselective beta blocker possessing quinidine-like membrane stabilizing effects.
1) pindolol
2) acebutolol
3) sotalol
4) esmolol
Synthetic opioids, sharing properties of opium and morphine, include meperidine, propoxyphene, diphenoxylate, fentanyl, buprenorphine, methadone, and pentazocine. Various opiate effects are analgesia, respiratory depression, constipation, and euphoria.
Fentanyl (80 to 100 times more powerful than morphine) is especially dangerous.
Atropine blocks the muscarinic receptors. Atropine decreases gastrointestinal tract motility and secretion and causes constipation.
Although various derivatives and congeners of atropine (such as propantheline, isopropamide, and glycopyrrolate) have been advocated in patients with peptic ulcer or with diarrheal syndromes
Neostigmine is Cholinesterase inhibitors that enhance the effects of parasympathetic stimulation and leads to reversal of intoxication by agents with a anticholinergic action
Which one of the following drugs increases gastrointestinal motility?
1) Glycopyrrolate.
2) Atropine.
3) Neostigmine.
4) Fentanyl.
Azithromycin Preferred agent for treatment of chlamydia infection in pregnancy in azithromycin.
It is given as a single dose of 1g leading to high compliance rate.
Which of the following is used for the treatment of chlamydia infection in pregnancy?
1) Tetracycline
2) Erythromycin
3) Azithromycin
4) Doxycycline
Chlorthalidone (Thiazide like diuretic)
Which of the following is not a loop diuretic:
1) Fruesmide
2) Torsemide
3) Ethacrynic acid
4) Chlorthalidone
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