308+ quick-fire dental facts • tap a card to flip
GIP is released from the K cells of the duodenum and jejunum in response to the presence of nutrients, particularly glucose and fat. Its primary function is to stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cells, which helps regulate postprandial blood glucose levels. It also inhibits gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying.
What is the primary function of the gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)?
1) Stimulating gastric acid secretion
2) Inhibiting gastric acid secretion
3) Stimulating insulin secretion
4) Inhibiting insulin secretion
E) Stimulating gastric emptying
Which of the following is NOT an action of bile salts?
1) Emulsification of fat
2) Facilitation of fat absorption
3) Neutralization of stomach acid
4) Conjugation of bile acids
What is the role of the corpus luteum in the second half of the menstrual cycle?
1) It secrets FSH
2) It secrets LH
3) It secrets estrogen and progesterone
4) It secrets inhibin
Pepsin is the primary enzyme responsible for the breakdown of proteins in the stomach during the gastric phase of digestion. It is secreted as pepsinogen by the chief cells of the gastric mucosa and is activated by hydrochloric acid to become pepsin.
Which of the following enzymes is involved in the digestion of proteins?
1) Ptyalin
2) Pepsin
3) Trypsin
4) Cholecystokinin
E) Gastrin
The pupillary light reflex is mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system, which uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter and acts on muscarinic receptors. The contraction of the sphincter pupillae muscle, which is innervated by the parasympathetic system, results in pupil constriction (miosis) in response to light.
Which type of autonomic nerve fibers are primarily involved in the pupillary light reflex?
1) Muscarinic
2) Adrenergic
3) Nicotinic
4) GABAergic
The first sensation of bladder filling, known as the first sensation of urgency, typically occurs when the bladder is about one-quarter full, which is around 150 ml. This is the point where an individual begins to become aware of the need to urinate.
The first sensation of bladder filling occurs at approximately:
1) 150 ml
2) 250 ml
3) 450 ml
4) 750 ml
The pharyngeal stage of deglutition involves involuntary contraction of the pharyngeal muscles and is responsible for the rapid passage of the food bolus from the oral cavity to the upper esophagus. It is primarily a reflex act triggered by the voluntary movement of food into the back of the mouth.
What is the primary function of the pharyngeal stage of deglutition?
1) Voluntary contraction of the pharyngeal muscles to move food into the esophagus
2) Relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter
3) Closure of the epiglottis to prevent aspiration of food into the trachea
4) Involuntary contraction of the pharyngeal muscles to propel the food bolus into the esophagus
E) Stimulation of salivary glands to secrete saliva
The vagus nerve, a part of the parasympathetic nervous system, has a negative chronotropic effect on the heart, meaning it decreases the heart rate. It does this by releasing acetylcholine onto the sinoatrial (S1) node, which slows the SA node's pacemaker activity.
What is the role of the vagus nerve in regulating heart rate?
1) Increases heart rate
2) Decreases heart rate
3) Has no effect on heart rate
4) Increases the force of heart contractions
E. Increases the conduction velocity of the cardiac impulse
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