Shorts

Celiac disease is an autoimmune response to gluten proteins found in wheat, barley, rye, and possibly other grains, which leads to inflammation and damage in the small intestine.

Laron syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by insensitivity to growth hormone due to mutations in the GH receptor, leading to proportionate dwarfism and characteristic facial features.

While H. pylori infection can cause various symptoms, the most common is abdominal pain, often related to peptic ulcer disease.

Zollinger Ellison syndrome is characterized by the presence of a gastrin-producing tumor (gastrinoma) which leads to hypergastrinemia, resulting in excessive gastric acid secretion and subsequent peptic ulcers. Hyperacidity is not a separate component but rather a consequence of increased acid production due to hypergastrinemia.

Mitral Stenosis Radiological Findings

• Double atrial shadow: This is a common finding in mitral stenosis due to left atrial enlargement.
• Indentation of esophagus: The enlarged left atrium can compress the esophagus, leading to this finding.
• Narrow airspace behind the sternum: This is not typically associated with mitral stenosis. Instead, it may indicate other conditions such as lung pathology.
• Elevation of left bronchus: This can occur due to the enlarged left atrium pushing against the bronchus.