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Pathology - 3 Questions
Sickle cell anemia is precipitated when: 1) Oxygen tension goes down 2) Increased viscosity of blood is there 3) There is dehydration 4) All of the above
Sickle cell disease results from mutation, or change, of certain types of hemoglobin chains in red blood cells (the beta hemoglobin chains).
When the oxygen concentration in the blood is reduced, the red blood cell assumes the characteristic sickle shape. This causes the red blood cell to be stiff and rigid, and stops the smooth passage of the red blood cells through the narrow blood vessels.
Diapedesis Connotes: 1. Pavementing of neutrophils 2. Migration of neutrophils In tissues 3. Increased urine output 4. Exodus of neutrophils from vascular compartment
Diapedesis is a critical process in the body's immune response, particularly in the context of inflammation.
enlarged hypersegmented neutrophils are typically seen in 1. leukopenia 2. Leukocytosis 3. Megaloblastic anemia 4.Acute myeloid leukemia
Enlarged hypersegmented neutrophils are typically seen in Megaloblastic anemia (option 3). Here is a detailed explanation: 1. Leukopenia: Leukopenia is a condition where there is a decrease in the total number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the bloodstream. It does not directly refer to the morphological changes in the neutrophils. The presence of enlarged or hypersegmented neutrophils is not a hallmark feature of leukopenia; rather, the condition is characterized by a low WBC count. 2. Leukocytosis: Leukocytosis is the medical term for an increase in the number of white blood cells in the bloodstream. It can occur due to various conditions like infections, inflammation, or leukemia. However, hypersegmentation of neutrophils is not a typical finding in leukocytosis. The presence of enlarged neutrophils is also not characteristic of this condition. 3. Megaloblastic anemia: Megaloblastic anemia is a type of anemia that occurs due to the lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid. These vitamins are essential for the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow. In the case of vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency, the red blood cells become large and immature, leading to their inability to function properly. Additionally, neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell, can also become enlarged and hypersegmented in megaloblastic anemia. The enlarged neutrophils are called "megaloblastic neutrophils" or "hypersegmented neutrophils." The hypersegmentation occurs due to the defect in DNA synthesis that results from the vitamin deficiency, causing the nucleus of the neutrophil to segment more than the normal 2-5 lobes. 4. Acute myeloid leukemia: While acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by an overproduction of immature myeloid cells, including neutrophils, enlarged hypersegmented neutrophils are not a typical feature of this condition. In AML, the bone marrow is filled with abnormal, immature cells called blasts, which do not mature properly and function as normal blood cells. However, AML can present with a variety of morphological changes in neutrophils, such as Auer rods, but hypersegmentation is not specific to AML. Enlarged hypersegmented neutrophils are most commonly associated with Megaloblastic anemia, which is caused by vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency and leads to abnormal cell maturation in the bone marrow, affecting both red and white blood cells.
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